1  G.W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 1954 ; trad. it. La natura del pregiudizio, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1976.

2  R. Genovese, « Il razzismo discreto», in Gli attrezzi del filosofo, Roma, manifestolibri, 2008.

3  E.S. Bogardus, Social Distance and Its Origins, “Journal of Applied Sociology”, 9, 1925, pp.  216-226.

4  H. Schuman, C. Steeh, L. Bobo, Racial Attitudes in America : Trends and Interpretations, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1985.

5  J.B. McConahay, B.B. Hardee, V. Batts, Has Racism Declined in America ? It Depends on Who Is Asking and What Is Asked, “The Journal of Conflict Resolution”, 25, 4, 1981, pp.  563-579.

6  D.R. Kinder, D. O’Keefe Sears, Prejudice and Politics : Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life, “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 40, 3, 1981, pp.  414-431.

7  T.W. Adorno et al., The Authoritarian Personality, New York, Harper, 1950 ; trad. it. La personalità autoritaria, intr. di G. Jervis, Milano, Edizioni di Comunità, 1973.

8  Per il passaggio da una psicologia individuale a una psicologia sociale-cognitiva, si veda R. Foschi, Storia della psicologia e della mente, Milano, Mondadori, 2020.

9  M.R. Banaji, A.G. Greenwald, Blindspot : Hidden Biases of Good People, New York, Delacorte Press, 2013.

10  H. Tajfel, Human Groups and Social Categories : Studies in Social Psychology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981 ; trad. it. Gruppi umani e categorie sociali, Bologna, il Mulino, 1999.

11  P. Aslanidis, The Social Psychology of Populism, in A. Ron, M. Nadesan (a cura di), Mapping Populism, New York, Routledge, 2020 ; P. Aslanidis, Is Populism an Ideology ? A Refutation and a New Perspective, “Political Studies”, 64, 2016, pp.  88-104. Sui differenti significati attribuiti al populismo, si veda M. Anselmi, Populismo. Teorie e problemi, Milano, Mondadori, 2017.

12  M. Lauriola, R. Foschi, L. Marchegiani, Integrating Values and Cognitive Style in a Model of Right-Wing Radicalism, “Personality and Individual Differences”, 75, 2015, pp.  147-153.

13  I. Zakrisson, Construction of a Short Version of the Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale, “Personality and Individual Differences”, 39, 2005, pp.  863-872.

14  B. Altemeyer, Right-Wing Authoritarianism, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press, 1981 ; T.W. Adorno et al., The Authoritarian Personality cit.

15  J.B. McConahay, Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale, in J.F. Dovidio, S.L. Gaertner (a cura di), Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism, London, Academic Press, 1986, pp.  91-125.

16  Ivi, p. 91.

17  J.B. McConahay, B.B. Hardee, V. Batts, Has Racism Declined in America ? cit.

18  T.F. Pettigrew, R.W. Meertens. Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe, “European Journal of Social Psychology”, 25, 1995, pp.  57-75.

19  A.M. Manganelli Rattazzi, C. Volpato, Forme sottili e manifeste di pregiudizio verso gli immigrati, “Giornale Italiano di Psicologia”, 28, 2001, pp.  351-375 ; L. Arcuri, S. Boca, Pregiudizio e affiliazione politica. Destra e sinistra di fronte all’immigrazione dal Terzo mondo, in P. Legrenzi, V. Girotto (a cura di), Psicologia e politica, Milano, Cortina, 1996, pp.  241-274.

20  G.W. Allport, La natura del pregiudizio [1954], trad. it. di M. Chiarenza, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1973.

21  H. Tajfel et al., Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour, “European Journal of Social Psychology”, 1, 1971, pp.  149-178.

22  A.M. Manganelli Rattazzi, C. Volpato, Forme sottili e manifeste di pregiudizio cit., pp.  351-375.

23  T.W. Adorno et al., The Authoritarian Personality cit. ; H. Tajfel, Gruppi umani e categorie sociali cit.

24  J.T. Jost, M.R. Banaji, The Role of Stereotyping in System-Justification and the Production of False Consciousness, “British Journal of Social Psychology”, 33, 1994, pp.  1-27.

25  J.L. Napier, M.L. Bettinsoli, A. Suppes, The Palliative Function of System-Justifying Ideologies, “Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences”, 34, 2020, pp.  129-134.

26  Per un approfondimento, J.T. Jost, A Theory of System Justification, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2020.

27  J.T. Jost, E.P. Thompson, Group-Based Dominance and Opposition to Equality as Independent Predictors of Self-Esteem, Ethnocentrism, and Social Policy Attitudes Among African Americans and European Americans, “Journal of Experimental Social Psychology”, 36, 2000, pp.  209-232.

28  J.R. Overbeck et al., Resistant Versus Acquiescent Responses to Ingroup Inferiority as a Function of Social Dominance Orientation in the USA and Italy, “Group Processes & Intergroup Relations”, 7, 1, 2004, pp.  35-54.

29  E. Frenkel-Brunswik, Intolerance of Ambiguity as an Emotional and Perceptual Personality Variable, “Journal of Personality”, 18, 1949, pp.  108-143.

30  M. Lauriola et al., Attitude Toward Ambiguity : Empirically Robust Factors in Self-Report Personality Scales, “Assessment”, 23, 3, 2016, pp.  353-373.

31  R.D. Hinshelwood, Repression and Splitting : Towards a Method of Conceptual Comparison, “The International Journal of Psychoanalysis”, 89, 2008, pp.  503-521.

32  E.C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, New York, Free Press, 1958 ; trad. it. Le basi morali di una società arretrata, Bologna, il Mulino, 1976.

33  Com’è noto, tale punto di vista è stato ulteriormente approfondito da Robert D. Putnam, che ha condotto una serie di ricerche sul capitale sociale come prodotto della vita associativa e della storia politica di un territorio, studiando in tal senso anche l’Italia. Si veda R.D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work : Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1994 ; Id., Bowling Alone, New York, Simon & Schuster, 2000. Tali studi si occupano in particolare degli effetti della sociabilità sulla partecipazione politica e, conseguentemente, sullo sviluppo del capitale sociale. Si veda, in proposito, R. Foschi, M. Lauriola, Does Sociability Predict Civic Involvement and Political Participation ?, “Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 106, 2014, pp.  339-357.

34  Iid., Do Amoral Familism and Political Distrust Really Affect North-South Differences in Italy ?, “Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology”, 47, 5, 2016, pp.  751-764.

35  M. Lauriola, R. Foschi, L. Marchegiani, Integrating Values and Cognitive Style cit.

36  T.W. Adorno et al., The Authoritarian Personality cit. ; B. Altemeyer, Enemies of Freedom : Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism, London, Jossey-Bass, 1988.

37  J.-W. Müller, What Is Populism ?, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016, p. 3 ; P. Aslanidis, The Social Psychology of Populism cit.

38  M. Anselmi, Populismo cit., p. 52.

39  J. Róz˙ycka-Tran, P. Boski, B. Wojciszke, Belief in a Zero-Sum Game as a Social Axiom : A 37-Nation Study, “Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology”, 46, 2015, pp.  525-554.

40  L.G. Conway et al., Finding the Loch Ness Monster : Left-Wing Authoritarianism in the United States, “Political Psychology”, 39, 2017, pp.  1049-1069.

41  A. Nilsson, J.T. Jost, The Authoritarian-Conservatism Nexus, “Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences”, 34, 2020, pp.  148-154.

42  J.L. Napier, M.L. Bettinsoli, A. Suppes, The Palliative Function cit.

43  L. Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Palo Alto, Stanford University Press, 1957, vol. II. Cfr. R. Foschi, Storia della psicologia e della mente cit.

44  M.J. Lerner, The Belief in a Just World : A Fundamental Delusion, New York, Plenum Press, 1980.