VI. Institutional perspective on the environment within GATT

doi:10.4000/books.pusl.13383

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VI. Institutional perspective on the environment within GATT

p. 125-137

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1The above analysis of the treatment of environmental regulation by international trade law regimes has focussed primarily on how trade liberalization and environmental protection goals are balanced in the GATT (including the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement panels’ interpretation thereof) and EC law. This Part addresses institutional aspects of the GATT which fundamentally influence how environmental protection objectives are treated, including the Panel process and the role for environmental principles. (Reference is made to European Community and North American experience, where relevant.) Such issues have gained a new prominence over the last few years in international fora. For example, the UNCED’s Agenda 21 calls for governments to clarify the role of GATT, inter alia, «in dealing with trade and environment-related issues, including, where relevant, conciliation procedure and dispute settlement»281, and «to identify and prevent actual or potential conflicts, particularly b

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281 Agenda 21, Chapter 2 at 9.

282 Ibid., Chapter 39 at 4.

283 Michael Lemonick, «The Ozone Vanishes», Time Magazine, February 17, 1992, No. 7 at 28.

284 The role of science in policy formulation is merely advisory, according to Ritchie 1990a at 10. An environmental regulation may begin with a scientific fact but it will be subject to review and modification by those who are affected including those who are democratically accountable.

285 Rowlands 1991 at 112.

286 FTA Salmon and Herring at Paragraph 7.37

287 Beacham 1992 at 681.

288 Article 2009(2).

289 Ritchie 1990 at 3.

290 Beacham 1992 at 681.

291 Id.

292 The goal of increasing transparency in government decision-making which affects the environment received support from national governments at the UNCED. See Agenda 21, Chapter 2 at 11.

293 Paragraph 5.3 of GATT Salmon and Herring. The FTA Salmon and Herring decision did, however, concede that such factors could be included.

294 World Commission on Environment and Development 1987 at 43.

295 As well, it stresses full participation in the decision making process to ensure that development decisions with environmental implications will be more compatible with sustainable development. Gibbons, Muldoon, and Valiante, «Sustainable Development and Energy» in Saunders 1990 at 201.

296 Agenda 21, Chapter 2 at 10.

297 See the 1972 Stockholm Declaration on Human Environment, June 16, 1972, in Edmund Jan Osmanczyk, Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements, second edition, Taylor and Francis, London 1990. Principle 2 States that «The national resources of the earth, including the air, water, land, flora and fauna and, especially, representative samples of natural ecosystems, were to be safeguarded for the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management, as appropriate.» For other commentary on the common héritage of mankind, see Fleischer, «The International Concern for the Environment: The Concept of Common Heritage», in Bothe (ed.), Trends in Environmental Policy and Law (1980), Larschau and Brennan, «The Common Heritage Principle», 21 Columbia J. Transnat’l L. 305 (1983), Gorove, «The Concept of the Common Heritage of Mankind», (1971) 9 San Diego L.R. 390.

298 Two international treaties specifically refer to the common heritage of mankind: Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, UNGA Official Records, 34th session, supplement 20; Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 136, for the seabed beyond limits of national jurisdiction.

299 Kiss (1985b) at 1084. See the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. November 16, 1972, UN Yearbook, 1972 Yearbook of International Organizations.

300 Kiss 1985b at 1084.

301 Kiss 1985b at 1085. See also Kiss 1985a at 427.

302 Kiss 1985a at 428.

303 Ibid, at 439.

304 The Law of the Sea Convention has not been accepted by many States including some of the major powers such as the US. As well, the Moon Treaty lacks support from participants in major space activities. See Kiss 1985a at 436. The concept of the common heritage of mankind is also analagous to the notion of establishing one indivisible environment without political divisions. The concept is already used within the EC (see above); however, the notion of one global environment at the international level will likely take considerable time and effort to be established.

305 The status of this principle in international law is debated. It seems clear that it does not have the status of «hard» international law. The «precautionary approach» is promoted in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration.

306 See generally Cameron and Werksman 1991.

307 Ibid, at 1.

308 Ibid, at 25.

309 OECD, Guiding Principles Concerning International Economic Aspects of Environmental Policies, Recommendation of 26 May 1972, C(72)128, Annex A (a)k(4), reproduced in Organisation for Economie Cooperation and Development, OECD and the Environment (Paris: OECD, 1986) 23 at 24.

310 See Article 130R, paragraph 2.

311 Saunders, «Legal Aspects of Trade and Sustainable Development», in Saunders 1990 at 378.

312 Saunders, «Trade and Sustainable Development», in Saunders 1990 at 378.

313 Agenda 21, Chapter 8 at 12. The principle that «national authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments» is also found in Principle 16 of the 1992 Rio Declaration.

314 See Kramer 1991.

Environmental Protection versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance

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Environmental Protection versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance

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Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0006
Rugman, Alan. Soloway, Julie. Kirton, John. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.001.0001
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0009
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0009
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0007
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0010
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0004
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0003
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0005
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0001
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0002
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0007
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0008
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0008
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0003
(1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.002.0005
Rugman, Alan. Kirton, John. Soloway, Julie. (1999) Environmental Regulations and Corporate Strategy. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198295884.003.0004
Notaro, Nicola. (2000) The EC and WTO Trade and Environment Case Law: Procedural Aspects, Legal Principles and Institutional Matters. Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, 3. DOI: 10.5235/152888712802859204

Environmental Protection versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance

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Référence numérique du chapitre

Walker, S. L. (1993). VI. Institutional perspective on the environment within GATT. In Environmental Protection versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance (1‑). Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles. https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13431

Walker, Sandra L. « VI. Institutional Perspective on the Environment Within GATT ». In Environmental Protection Versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance. Bruxelles: Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles, 1993. https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13431.

Walker, Sandra L. « VI. Institutional Perspective on the Environment Within GATT ». Environmental Protection Versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance, Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles, 1993, https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13431.

Référence numérique du livre

Walker, S. L. (1993). Environmental Protection versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance (1‑). Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles. https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13383

Walker, Sandra L. Environmental Protection Versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance. Bruxelles: Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles, 1993. https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13383.

Walker, Sandra L. Environmental Protection Versus Trade Liberalization : Finding the Balance. Presses universitaires Saint-Louis Bruxelles, 1993, https://0-doi-org.catalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk/10.4000/books.pusl.13383.

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