1 Hérodote, Histoires, livres III et IV, trad. Philippe Ernest Legrand (Paris : Les Belles Lettres, 1955).
2 Philippe Ernest Legrand, Introduction aux Histoires d’Hérodote, vol. 1.
3 Alain Laurent, Désirs de désert. Sahara, le grand révélateur (Paris : Autrement, Collection Monde n° 122, 2000) 104. Théodore Monod et Edmond Dimer, Zerzura, l’oasis légendaire du désert libyque (Paris : Éditions Vents de sable, 2000).
4 «The whole of Herodotus gazes out of that kohl-traced eye!», Constance, 652. Lawrence Durrell, The Avignon Quintet: Monsieur, Livia, Constance, Sebastian, Quinx (Londres: Faber and Faber, 1974; 1978; 1982; 1983; 1985. Édition complète 1992). La traduction des citations est personnelle.
5 Monsieur, 95.
6 Lawrence Durrell, The Alexandria Quartet: Justine, Balthazar, Mountolive, Clea (Londres: Faber and Faber, 1957; 1958; 1958; 1960): Justine, 158. La traduction des citations est personnelle.
7 «Alexander rode, remembering how, two hundred years before him, the Persians had ridden to loot the temple, and how on them as they were eating in the desert a sandstorm had descended, burying diners and dinner in company. Herein lay the magic of Siwa. It was difficult to reach. He, being the greatest man of his epoch, had of course succeeded. He, the Philhellene, had come. His age was twenty-five». E. M. Forster, Pharos and Pharillon (Berkeley: Creative Arts, 1980) 26 (ma traduction).
8 Chantal Dragon et Mohamed Kacimi, Naissance du désert (Paris : Balland, 1992).
9 Jean-François Sers, Théodore Monod, Désert libyque (Paris : Éditions Arthaud, 1994).
10 «Africa, which they had somehow visualized as an extension of Europe – an extension of terms, of references to a definitive past – had already asserted itself as something different: a forbidding darkness where the croaking ravens matched the dry exclamations of spiritless men». Justine, 158.
11 «The romantic Beduin-fever of the Bells and Lawrences», Mountolive, 93.
12 «Bibulous paper» [AD I 209].
13 Documents épigraphiques recueillis dans le nord de l’Arabie, 1884. Cité par Thomas J. Assad, Three Victorian Travellers; Burton, Blunt, Doughty (Londres: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964) 100.
14 «A walker about the world» [AD I 315].
15 Thomas J. Assad, Three Victorian Travellers, 98.
16 À Jerablus (Djarábalus) au nord-est d’Alep.
17 Renée et André Guillaume, introduction à leur traduction des Sept piliers de la sagesse (Paris : Le Livre de Poche, 1995).
18 Thomas Edward Lawrence, Oriental Assembly (Londres: William and Norgate, 1939).
19 «I am not trying to rival Doughty. You remember that passage that he who has once seen palm-trees and the goat-hair tents is never the same as he had been: that I feel very strongly, and I feel also that Doughty’s two years wandering in untainted places made him the man he is, more than all his careful preparation before and since. My books would be the better, if I had been for a time in open country.» The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954). La traduction des citations tirées de la correspondance de T. E. Lawrence est personnelle.
20 «I do not like the modern habit of wrenching all legends into the purpose of anthropology», ibid.
21 Malcom Brown ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence (Oxford University Press: 1991) 4.
22 Ibid., 36.
23 23 The South Atlantic Quarterly LXIX (printemps 1979): 205-216.
24 Malcom Brown ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, 263.
25 « Je ne manquerai pas de vous envoyer Les sept piliers lorsque Doughty l’aura terminé. Je suis ravi que vous lisiez le livre du vieil homme. À mon avis, et c’est le cas de presque tous ceux qui ont tant soit peu goûté au désert, cet ouvrage en donne une bonne impression ». « Certainly it (Seven Pillars) shall be sent when Doughty is finished with it. I’m glad you are reading the old man. To me, and to nearly all people who have had a slight taste of the desert, that book brings a clear impression of it ». Malcom Brown ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, lettre du 9 mai 1924, 263.
26 «But he has spent ten long years – a decade in these days being equivalent to a generation – in systematically frittering away the interest of his subject... We have therefore to deal with a twice told tale writ large, and which despite its affectations and eccentricities, its prejudices and misjudgments is rightly well told (...) To conclude Mr Doughty’s work suggests two lessons. The first is not to travel in a semi-barbarous land unless the people be sympathetic to the traveller, and the second is the need of a certain pliancy in opinions religious and political». Sir R. F. Burton, «Mr Doughty’s Travels in Arabia Deserta», Academy, n° 847 (28 juillet 1888) 47-48, cité par Jean-François Gournay, L’Appel du Proche-Orient. Richard Francis Burton et son temps 1821-1890. (Thèse d’état, Université de Paris IV, 1979) 522 (ma traduction).
27 Malcom Brown ed., The Letters of T. E. Lawrence, lettre du 9 mai 1924, 264.
28 Ibid., 17 juin 1925, 282.
29 Ibid., lettre du 2 février 1924, 257.
30 30 Edward Morgan Forster,«Thomas Edward Lawrence», Abinger Harvest (Londres, New York: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, 1964) 140-147.
31 Jean-François Gournay, L’Appel du Proche-Orient, 27.
32 The Navigation and Voyages of Lewes Verttomanus to the Regions of Arabia, Egypt, Persia, Syria, Aethiopia and East India in the yeere 1503, traduit par Richard Eden et cité par Jean-François Gournay, L’Appel du Proche-Orient, 45.
33 A True and Faithful Account of the Religions and Manners of the Mohammetans in which is a particular relation of their Pilgrimage to Mecca, the place of Mahomet his Birth; and a description of Medina and of his Tomb there; and of Alexandria, Grand Cairo, etc. with an account of the Author’s being taken captive, the Turks’cruelty to him and his escape in which are many things never published by an historian before» (Exon, 1704), ibid, 46.
34 Wilfred Thesiger, The Life of my Choice (Londres: Harper Collins, 1992) 95. Ab [LC]. La vie que j’ai choisie : autobiographie, trad. Sabine Boulongne (Paris : Plon, collection Terre humaine, 1987).
35 La vie que j’ai choisie, 190. «For me it belonged to that authentic Eastern world of which Conrad wrote, a world remote, beautiful, untamed» [LC164].
36 Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands (1959. Londres: Penguin Books, 1991). Ab [AS]. Le désert des déserts, trad. Michèle Bouchet-Forner (Paris : Plon, Terre Humaine, 1993).
37 Wilfred Thesiger, Arabian Sands (1959. Londres: Penguin Books, 1991). Ab [AS]. Le désert des déserts, trad. Michèle Bouchet-Forner (Paris : Plon, Terre Humaine, 1993).
38 «My enchiridion in these travels» [AD I 93].
39 Le désert des déserts, 90. «I looked out over the desert. It stretched away unbroken for fifteen hundred miles to the orchards round Damascus and the red cliffs of Rum. A desert breeze blew round me. I thought of that ruined castle in distant Syria which Lawrence had visited» [AS 83].
40 «City of misnomers, whose dry docks are ever wet and whose marble fountain is eternally dry, whose ‘Cleopatra’s needle’ is neither a needle nor Cleopatra’s, whose ‘Pompey’s pillar’ never had any earthly connection with Pompey, and whose Cleopatra’s baths are, according to voracious travellers, no baths at all. Yet it is a wonderful place, this ‘Libyan suburb’ of our day» [PN I 10].
41 «The Níl al-Mubárak – the Blessed Nile – as notably fails too at this season to arouse enthusiasm. You see nothing but muddy waters, dusty banks, a sand mist, a milky sky, and a glaring sun» [PN I 30].
42 «I had been told to expect at the ‘well’, a pastoral scene, wild flowers, flocks and flowing waters; so I looked with a jaundiced eye upon a deep hole full of slightly brackish water dug in a damped hollow» [PN I 251].
43 Michael Ondaatje, The English Patient, p. 93, 94, 118, 7.
44 «He says the gun — the Zam-Zammah cannon — is still there outside the museum in Lahore. There were two guns, made up of metal cups and bowls taken from every Hindu household in the city — as jizya, or tax. These were melted down and made into the guns. They were used in many battles in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries against Sikhs. The other gun was lost in a battle crossing in the Chenab river —» [EP 119].
45 «(She) nestles the book into the high, invisible shelf» [EP 118].
46 «Every writer on the Orient (...) assumes some Oriental precedent, some previous knowledge of the Orient, to which he refers and on which he relies. Additionally, each work on the Orient affiliates itself with other works, with audiences, with institutions, with the Orient itself.» Edward W. Saïd, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) 20 (ma traduction).
47 Laurent Jenny, « La Stratégie de la forme », Poétique, n° 27 (Paris : Seuil : 1976) 262.
48 Le désert des déserts, 190. «To others my journey would have little importance. It would produce nothing except a rather inaccurate map which no one was ever likely to use» [AS 154].
49 Ibid.
50 Laurent Jenny, op. cit. 280.
51 Laurent Jenny, op. cit. 266.
52 Michel Foucault, L’archéologie du savoir (Paris : NRF Gallimard, 1969) 164, 182.
53 Théodore Monod, Zerzura, l’oasis légendaire du désert libyque (Paris : Éditions Vents de sable, 2000).
54 Ibid.
55 Jean-François Sers, Théodore Monod, Désert libyque, 21.
56 «Squashed between country folk and joining in their talk», E. M. Forster, Abinger Harvest, 260 (ma traduction).
57 «My poverty had constrained me to mix with the humbler classes, those seldom met by European travellers, and thus my experiences gave me an unusual angle of view» [SPW 54].
58 «Only in youth or through memories of youth, only in the joyous light of the morning, can the lines of the Oriental landscape be seen, and the salutation accomplished» Abinger Harvest, 259 (ma traduction).
59 «The individual in the East must succeed as an individual or he has failed. That is our lesson. If he relies upon the temporary popularity of his country he builds upon sand», ibid., 269 (ma traduction).
60 «He comes up against the Orient as a European or American first, as an individual second»... «political, institutional, and ideological constraints act (...) on the individual author» Edward W. Saïd, Orientalism, 11, 13 (ma traduction).
61 «I have always had information like a sea in me. I am a person who if left alone in someone’s home walks to the bookcase, pulls down a volume and inhales it. So history enters us. I knew maps of the sea floor (...) So I knew their place before I crashed among them, knew when Alexander had traversed it in an earlier age, for this cause or that greed» [EP 18].
62 «Landscapes they have already walked through» [EP 93].
63 «The west wind swept up from the Mediterranean, hurried across the plain where the Canaanites waged war with the stubbforn hill dwellers of Judea» [DS 2].
64 «How fresh to the sight and sweet to every sense are those woodland limestone hills, full of balm-smelling pines and the tree laurel sounding with the sobbing sweetness and the amorous wings of doves! in all paths are blissful fountains; the valley heads flow down healing to the eyes with veins of purest water» [AD I 55-56].
65 «We read in Leviticus that the children of Jacob might eat the kinds of locust» [AD I 381]; «the wild goat of Scripture» [AD I 372]. 66 Jean-François Lyotard, La condition postmoderne (Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit, 1979) 38.
66 «I went further north (by the way I passed the place where Saint George killed the dragon) to Jebail», The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers, 102.
67 «I went further north (by the way I passed the place where Saint George killed the dragon) to Jebail», The Home Letters of T. E. Lawrence and his Brothers, 102.
68 «The place where according to the Arabs Jonah was cast ashore», ibid., 93.
69 Jacques Derrida, De la vérité en peinture (Paris : Flammarion, 1978) 63.
70 «Here you have all the desert, its hills and plains, the lava fields, the villages, the tents, the men and animals» [IAD 17].
71 «Idle names perhaps of ancient waters, with many antique images of camels», «the Beduins now-a-days portray only such squalid effigies» [AD I 260].
72 «Such monuments of old civil glory are now an astonishment in a land of desolation and of those squalid Arabs» [AD I 57].
73 «Infirm, supine, rude» [AD I 60].
74 «We are in the world and not in the world, where Nature brought forthman, an enigma to himself, and an evil spirit sowed in him the seeds of dissolution» [AD I 520].
75 «The great ruin of which the accounts had fired my imagination» [DS107].
76 «We passed many of those mysterious rujms which start the fancy speculating on the past history of the land» [DS 64].
77 «They were like the open pages of a book in which all the races that had passed had written their names, in the queer script that the learned call Safitic, in Greek, in Cufic, and in Arabic. Last of all the unlettered Beduin had scrawled their tribe marks here [...] So each man according to his kind had left his record and departed into the mist of time, and beyond these scratches on the black rocks we know nothing of his race, nor of his history, nor of the errand that brought him into the inhospitable Ghadit el Ghaz» [DS 122-123].
78 Jean-Jacques Lecercle, La violence du langage (Paris : PUF, 1996).
79 «As I copied the phrases they seemed like the murmur of faint voices from out the limbo of the forgotten past, and Orpheus with his lute could not have charmed the rocks to speak more clearly of the generations of the dead. All the Safa is full of these whisperings; shadows that are nothing but a name quiver in the quivering air above the stones, and call upon their God in diverse tongues» [DS 123].
80 «By Shuraik son of Naghafat son of Na’fis (?) son of Nu’man», «By Bukhalih son of Thann son of An’am son of Rawak son of Bukhalih. He found the inscription of his uncle and he longed after him and...» [DS 122].
81 Jacques Derrida, De la grammatologie (Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit, 1967) 168.
82 Ibid., 103.
83 Ibid., 140.
84 Ibid., 68.
85 «I looked out beyond him into the night and saw the desert with his eyes, no longer empty but set thicker with human associations than any city» [DS 60].
86 «Every line of it took on significance, every stone was like the ghost of a hearth in which the warmth of Arab life was hardly cold, though the fire might be extinguished this hundred years. It was a city of shadowy outlines visible one under the other, fleeting and changing, combining into new shapes elements that are as old as Time, the new indistinguishable from the old and the old from the new» [DS60].
87 Edward W. Saïd, The World, the Text and the Critic (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard UP, 1983) 16.
88 «I might find moreover (...) to add something to the commun fund of western knowledge» [AD I 33].
89 Introduction à Voyages dans l’Arabie désert (21): «the book has no date and can never grow old» [IAD 17].
90 Ibid., 21-22: «Doughty’s completeness is devastating. There is nothing we would take away, little we could add»; «There can never be another picture of the whole in our time, because here it is all said and by a great master. (...) He seems to have recorded everything» [IAD 17-18].
91 Ibid., 28: «He carried away in his note-book (...) the soul of the desert, the complete existence of a remarkable and self-contained community, shut away from the currents of the world in the unchanging desert» [IAD 24].
92 Ibid., 29: «the foundation of all true understanding of the desert» [IAD 25].
93 «The book... might be likened to a mirror, wherein is set forth faithfully some parcel of the soil of Arabia smelling of sámn and camels», préface à la première édition [AD 29]. Le sámn est du beurre clarifié.
94 «Of surpassing interest to those many minds, which seek after philosophic knowledge and instruction, is the Story of the Earth, Her manifold living creatures, the human generations, and Her ancient rocks», Préface à la deuxième édition, 31. J’ai ajouté les majuscules dans le texte français, omises par le traducteur.
95 «He lived only for the benefit and for the welfare of England and of his countrymen, and of the Human Race at large».
96 «In these pages the history is not of the Arab movement, but of me in it» [SPW 22].
97 «Azrak’s unfathomable silence was steeped in knowledge of wandering poets, champions, lost kingdoms, all the crime and chivalry and dead magnificence of Hira and Ghassan» [SPW 423].
98 «Each stone or blade of it was radiant with half-memory of the luminous silky Eden, which had passed so long ago» [SPW 423].
99 «Past and future flowed over us like an uneddying river. We dreamed ourselves into the spirit of the place; sieges and feasting, raids, murders, love-singing in the night» [SPW 448].
100 «His mind was stored with poems of old raids and epic tales of fights, and he overflowed with them on the nearest listener» [SPW 230].
101 «We were fond together, because of the sweep of the open places, the taste of wide winds, the sunlight, and the hopes in which we worked. The morning freshness of the world-to-be intoxicated us» [SPW 22].
102 «At last accident, with perverted humour, in casting me as a man of action had given me a place in the Arab revolt, a theme ready and epic to a direct eye and hand, thus offering me an oulet in literature, the technique-less art. Whereupon I became excited only over mechanism. The epic mode was alien to me, as to my generation. Memory gave me no clue to the heroic, so that I could not feel such men as Auda in myself. He seemed fantastic as the hills of Rumm, old as Mallory» [SPW 565].
103 «The strongest motive throughout had been a personal one, not mentioned here, but present to me, I think, every hour of these two years» [SPW 683].
104 «I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my hands/and wrote my will across the sky in stars to earn you Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house, /That your eyes might be shining for me /When we came. Death seemed my servant on the road, till we were near /and saw you waiting:/When you smiled, and in sorrowful envy he outran me /and took you apart: / Into his quietness. /Love, the way-weary, groped to your body, our brief wage /ours for the moment / Before earth’s soft hand explored your shape, and the blind /worms grew fat upon /Your substance».
105 «Men prayed me that I set our work, the inviolate house, /as a memory of you. /But for fit monument I shattered it, unfinished: and now /The little things creep out to patch themselves hovels / in the marred shadow /of your gift».
106 «An inspired dream-palace of their national thoughts» [SPW 23].
107 «Yet when we achieved and the new world dawned, the old men came out again and took our victory to re-make in the likeness of the former world they knew» [SPW 22].
108 Bible, Proverbes, 9, 1-2.
109 «Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house» [SPW 9].
110 «The citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost» [SPW 456].
111 «The Seven Pillars was so printed and assembled that nobody but myself knew how many copies were produced. I propose to keep this knowledge to myself», texts privés, 1926 [SPW 17].
112 «Desert views are eminently suggestive; they appeal to the Future, not to the Past; they arouse because they are by no means memorial» [PN I 149].
113 «What no vacation tourist has yet described, measured, sketched or photographed» [PN I 2].
114 «Dark and the Desert and Destriers me ken, And the Glaive and the Joust, and Paper and Pen». [PN]; «Night and my steed and the desert know me – And the lance thrust and battle, and parchment and pen» [DS 108].
115 «I was surprised at the disproportion of female nomenclature» [PN II 189].
116 Philippe Hamon, Du descriptif (Paris : Hachette, 1993) 43.
117 Ibid., 48.
118 Ibid., 43.
119 Ibid., 61.
120 «The reader, I must again express a hope, will pardon the length of these descriptions» [PN I 27].
121 «I spare the reader the enumeration of the other Egyptian plagues that infested the place» [PN I 173].
122 «I doubt, gentle reader, that even the length, the jar, and the confusion of this description is adequate to its subject, or that any ‘word-painting’ of mine can convey a just idea of the scene» [PN I 419].
123 «To me there was double dullness in the scenery: it seemed to be Sind over again– the same morning mist and noon-tide glare; the same hot wind and heat clouds, and fiery sunset, and evening glow; the same pillars of dust and ‘devils’ of sand sweeping like giants over the plain» [PN I 31].
124 «Beyond the narrow tongue of land on the river banks lay the glaring, yellow Desert, with its low hills and sand slopes, bounded by innumerable pyramids of Nature’s architecture. The boats, with their sharp bows, preposterous sterns, and lateen sails, might have belonged to the Indus. So might the chocolate-skinned, blue-robed peasantry ; the women carrying progeny on their hips, with the eternal waterpot on their heads. (...) The lower animals, like the higher, were the same ; gaunt, mange-stained camels, muddy buffaloes, scurvied donkeys, sneaking jackals, and fox-like dogs. Even the feathered creatures were perfectly familiar to my eye» [PN I 31].
125 «The Wakálah is a most amusing place, presenting a succession of scenes which would delight lovers of the Dutch school – a rich exemplification of the grotesque, and what is called by artists the ‘dirty picturesque’» [PN I 42].
126 «The ragged walls of our rooms were clammy with dirt, the smoky rafters foul with cobwebs, and the floor, bestrewed with kit, in terrible confusion, was black with hosts of cockroaches, ants, and flies. Pigeons nestled on the shelf, cooing amatory ditties the live-long day, and cats like tigers crawled though a hole in the door, making night hideous with their caterwauling» [PN I 173].
127 «Apart from the pomp of words, and the music of the sound, there is a dreaminess of idea and a haze thrown over the objet, infinitely attractive, but indescribable. Description, indeed, would rob the song of indistinctness, its essence. To borrow a simile from a sister art, the Arab poet sets before the mental eye, the dim grand outlines of picture – which must be filled up by the reader, guided only by a few glorious touches, powerfully standing out, and by the sentiment which the scene is intended to express – whereas, we Europeans and moderns, by stippling and minute touches, produce a miniature on a large scale so objective as to exhaust rather than to arouse reflection» [PN I 27].
128 «Above, through a sky terrible in its stainless beauty, and the splendours of a pitiless blinding glare, the Samun caresses you like a lion with flaming breath. Around lie drifted sand-heaps, upon which each puff of wind leaves its trace in solid waves, flayed rocks, the very skeletons of mountains, and hard unbroken plains (...)» [PN I 149].
129 «In the Desert, even more than upon the ocean, there is present death: hardship is here, and piracies, and shipwreck, solitary, not in crowds, where as the Persians say, ‘Death is a Festival’; – and this sense of danger, never absent, invests the scene of travel with an interest not its own» [PN I 149].
130 Introduction à Voyages dans l’Arabie déserte, 24, 25: «casual journeyings of two years», «his record ebbs and flows with his experience» [IAD 20, 21].
131 Ibid., 25: «the desert is a place of passing sensation» [IAD 21].
132 «Tell me (said he), since thou art here again in the peace and assurance of Ullah, and whilst we walk as in the former years, toward the new blossoming orchards, full of the sweet spring as the garden of God, what moved thee, or how couldst thou take such journeys into the fanatic Arabia?» [AD I 39].
133 Benvéniste, Problème de linguistique générale 1 (Paris : Seuil, 1966) 333.
134 Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux (Paris : Les Éditions de Minuit, 1980) 471.
135 «This story which follows was first written out... from notes jotted daily on the march» [SPW 21].
136 Introduction à Voyages dans l’Arabie déserte, 22: «here it is all said», «he seems to have recorded everything» [AD 18].
137 «These and the like are tales rather of an European Orientalism than with much resemblance to the common experience» [AD I 96].
138 «A discipline representing institutionalized Western knowledge of the Orient», E. W. Saïd, Orientalism, 67 (ma traduction).
139 «My contention is that without examining Orientalism as a discourse, one cannot possibly understand the enormously systematic discipline by which the West was able to manage – and even produce – the Orient politically, socially, militarily, ideologically, scientifically and imaginatively during the post-Enlightnement period», ibid, 3 (ma traduction).
140 «A superior position to authorize, to dominate, to legitimate, to demote, interdict and validate – the power of culture to be an agent of, and perhaps the main agency for, powerful differenciation within and beyond its domain», E. W. Saïd, The World, the Text and the Critic, 9 (ma traduction).
141 Corinne Enaudeau, Là-bas comme ici. Le paradoxe de la représentation (Paris : Gallimard, 1998) 25.
142 Platon, Le sophiste, trad. A. Dies, dans Œuvres complètes, tome 8, 3e partie, 235e (Paris : Les Belles Lettres, 1963) 333.
143 Platon, La République, trad. R. Baccou, 598d (Paris : Garnier Flammarion, 1966) 363.
144 Platon, Le sophiste 235b, 332. 145
145 Ibid., 234 b, 331.
146 Lawrence, Introduction à Voyages dans l’Arabie déserte, 25: «he strained all the more to paint it [nomadism] in its true colours» [IAD 21].
147 Roland Barthes, «Continent perdu», Mythologies (Paris : Seuil, 1957) 163.
148 Corinne Enaudeau, Là-bas comme ici, 28.
149 «Orientalism is a style of thought based upon an ontological and epistemological distinction made between ‘the Orient’ and (most of the time) ‘the Occident’. Thus a very large mass of writers, among whom are poets, novelists, philosophers, political theorists, economists, and imperial administrators, have accepted this basic distinction between East and West as the starting point for elaborate theories, epics, novels, social descriptions, and political accounts concerning the Orient, its people, customs, ‘mind’, destiny, and so on», E. W. Saïd, Orientalism, 2 (ma traduction).
150 «A confused babble of sounds», «barbarous and out of joint» [AD II 150-151].
151 «Such is the Orientalism, the fond dream, of the Arabs» [AD II 120].
152 Introduction à Arabia Deserta, 25: «sitting to the eyes in a cloaca, but with their brows touching Heaven» [IAD 21]; Doughty, Arabia Deserta, 95.
153 Roland Barthes, L’obvie et l’obtus, Essais critiques III (Paris : Seuil, 1982) 23, 25.
154 Introduction à Arabia Deserta, 23: «a high testimony, not only to his strength of mind, but also to the imaginative appeal of Arabia and the Arabs to him and us» [IAD 18].
155 «Orientalism is [...] a considerable dimension of modern political-intellectual culture, and as such has less to do with the Orient than it does with ‘our’ world», E. W. Saïd, Orientalism, 12 (ma traduction).
156 «And since it was better that they should, as far as possible, tell their own tale, I have strung their words upon the thread of the road, relating as I heard them the stories with which shepherd and man-at-arms beguiled the hours of the march, the talk that passed from lip to lip around the camp-fire», G. Bell, Préface à The Desert and the Sown, ix.
157 «The Mukowwems or Haj camel-masters have called in their cattle», «the mukowwems are sturdy» [AD I 41-42].
158 «A nejjàb or post, who is a Beduin dromedary-rider, is therefore sent up every year from Medáin Sâlih, bringing word to Damascus, in ramathan before the pilgrimage, whether there be water run in the birket at Dàr el-Hamra, and reporting likewise of the state of the next waters». [AD I 47-48]. Birket: citerne (glossaire), ramathan: « l’avant-dernier des douze mois lunaires de l’année mahométane » (note 43, VAD 53).
159 «Already there come by the streets [...] the akkâms with the swagging litters mounted high upon the tall pilgrim-camels. They are the Haj caravan drivers...» [AD I 41].
160 «The camels now jezzîn, we wandered without care of the great watering places; the people drinking of any small waters of the suffa, or ground rock» [AD I 284]. « jezzin » : « se dit du gros bétail à la saison du printemps lorsqu’il s’abstient de boire » (glossaire).
161 «At half-afternoon Merján, who was very clear-sighted, cried out ‘I see zôl!’– zôl (pl. azzuâl), is the looming, in the eye of aught which may not be plainly distinguished; so a blind patient has said to me, ‘I see the zôl of the sun’» [AD II 256].
162 «The beginning of the great Wadyer-Rummah was, he said, in the Harrat Kheybar, and the going out at Zbeyer near to Bosra» [AD I 243].
163 «If the villager sow the soil, the harvest is all his own; the absent Beduwy has no part therein: yet if the Beduwy (as there be some few impoverished tribesmen) dwell at Kheybar and become a settler (gatûny), he may do the like, entering to the half with his negro partners and sowing the inheritance. In the home géria were fifteen poor (Bishr) Beduins that did so: they were bankrupts of the desert come to settle down upon that little (landed) good which yet remained to them inalienable» [AD II 133].
164 «Now we came upon the open Nefûd, where I saw the sand ranging in long banks: adanat and kethîb is said in this country speech of the light shifting Nefûd sand; Júrda is the sandbank’s weather side, the lee side or fold is lóghraf [láhaf]. Júrda or Jorda [in the pl. Jérad and Jeràd] is said of a dune or hillock (...)» [AD II 357].
165 Author < [Language > (Text) < Encyclopaedia] > Reader: Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Interpretation as Pragmatics (Londres: Macmillan, 1999) 75. Jean-Jacques Lecercle et Ronald Shusterman, L’emprise des signes (Paris : Seuil, 2002) 104.
166 Jean-Jacques Lecercle, La violence du langage, 140.
167 «The text does not merely appropriate or use them, it is an important sense produced by them. L and E are the internal filters that constrain the text, A and R are the outside layers of the structure by which it has an interface with the world in the interpellation of actors. They are induced by the text, they are the positions that T projects in order to acquire an author and a reader.» J.-J. Lecercle, Interpretation as Pragmatics, 75.
168 Charles Doughty, Arabia Deserta, Préface à la première édition.
169 Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative, I, 187, notes 1 à 3.
170 Ibid., I, 215, note 1.
171 Je fais ici référence à l’ouvrage de Jean-Jacques Lecercle et Ronald Shusterman, L’emprise des signes, 14.
172 «After crossing some ‘Harrah,’ or ridges of rock, ‘Ria,’ steep descents, ‘Kitaah, patch of stony flat, and bits of ‘Sahil’, dwarf plain, we found ourselves about 8 am at Bir Sa’íd, our destination» [PN I 251].
173 «On Friday, the 12th Zu’l Hijjah» [PN 224].
174 Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative, II, 186,187, 212.
175 «At other times they sang something intelligible. For instance...» [PN II 223].
176 Ibid., II, 237, 272, 273.
177 «I will not selfishly withhold it [this prayer] from the British reader» [PN I 211].
178 Jean-Jacques Lecercle et Ronald Shusterman, L’emprise des signes, 14.
179 Louis-Jean Calvet, Linguistique et colonialisme (Paris : Payot, 1979, 2002) 47.
180 Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative, I, 279; II, 81.
181 «Banks of rusty and basaltic bluish blocks (dims, róthm, which after their crystalline nature are rhomboid» [AD I 427].
182 Louis-Jean Calvet, Linguistique et colonialisme, 141.
183 Ibid., 132.
184 «I was so idle as to write the name of some of them, Khurbet Enjahsah, Mehnuwara, el-Hahlih, Mehaineh, Meddáin, Negáes, Libbun, Jeljul, Nelnokl, Mehrud, Howihih, Gameyren (of the two moons), Jarfa...» [AD I 61].
185 Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux, 10.
186 Ibid., 11.
187 Loreto Todd, «The English Language in West Africa», cité par Chantal Zabus, dans The Postcolonial Studies Reader, ed. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths et Helen Tiffin (Londres: Routledge, 1995) 314.
188 «a narrative of daily life, mean happenings, little people» [SPW 22].
189 Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux, 13.
190 Ibid., 11.
191 Jean-Jacques Lecercle et Ronald Shusterman, L’emprise des signes, 92.
192 «‘Ideology’ is disseminated in the ALTER model, not only in the L and E actants, but in the inward-pointing arrows that inscribe it in the text, and in the outwardpointing arrows that interpellate subjects: < (L>[T]< L) >», Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Interpretation as Pragmatics, 200. Jean-Jacques Lecercle et Ronald Shusterman, L’emprise des signes, 92.
193 Gilles Deleuze et Félix Guattari, Mille plateaux, 21.
194 Jean Baudrillard, Simulacres et simulation (Paris : Galilée, 1981) 10.
195 195 «To dramatise, as it were, the dry journal of a journey».
196 «They were average specimens of the steatopygous Abyssinian breed, broad-shouldered, thin-flanked, fine-limbed and with haunches of a prodigious size» [PN I 59].
197 «As a general rule, however, the expression of the Badawi face is rather dignity than that cunning for which the semitic race is celebrated» [PN II 82].
198 «Fully equipped for travelling… Nothing can be more picturesque than the costume» [PN I 234].
199 «A being of impulse, in that chrysalis condition of mental development which is rather instinct than reason» [PN I 17].
200 «The shins do not bend cucumber-like to the front as in the African race» [PN I 83].
201 «Truly I believe that for some minutes my enthusiasm rose as high as theirs. But presently when we remounted, the traveller returned strong upon me» [PN I 280].
202 «This outpost of civilisation planted upon the skirts of barbarism» [PN I 10].
203 Richard Francis Burton, Personal Narrative, I, 280, note 1.
204 «Clownish bodies», «lithe-limbed and subtle-brained and supple-tongued» [AD I 276].
205 «Barbarous» [AD I 73], «savage», «hideous» [AD I 181] «wretches», «frenetic, sanguinary» [AD I 251], «the perfidy of the elvish Beduins» [AD I 42].
206 «They are very factious light heads, their minds are divided betwixt supine recklessness and a squalid avarice» [AD I 73].
207 «Their criminal hearts are capable of all mischief», «peevish bestiality», «grossness» [AD I 308].
208 «To speak of the Arabs at the worst, in one word, the mouth of the Arabs is full of cursing, and lies, and prayers; their heart is a deceitful labyrinth: we have seen their urbanity; gall and venom is in their least ill-humour; disdainful, cruel and outrageous is their malediction» [AD I 309].
209 «Their hourly squabbling, as it were rats in a tub, with loud wrangling over every trifle as of fiends in the end of the world» [AD I 73].
210 «These were as all the other Beduw whom I have known, a merry crew of squalid wretches, iniquitous, fallacious, fanatical» [AD II 332].
211 «Their world is to thy soul as another planet of nature» [AD I 217].
212 «They think themselves, comparing themselves among themselves, honest men enough, whom we take to be most dangerous wretches and arrant thieves» [AD I 415].
213 «But we by navigation are neighbours to all nations, we encompass the earth with our speech in a moment» [AD II 58].
214 «In the name of the health of nations, in the name of the common religion of humanity» [AD II 68].
215 «How often in my dwelling in that hostile world have I felt desolate, even in a right endeavour: the testimony of all men’s (half-rational) understandings making against my lonely reason» [AD I 216].
216 «But the semitic religion – so cold, and a strange plant, in the (idolatrous) soil of Europe, is like to a blood passion, in the people of Moses and Mohammed» [AD II 362].
217 «Islam and the common wealth of Jews are as great secret conspiracies, friends only of themselves and to all without of crude iniquitous heart, unfaithful, implacable» [AD I 141].
218 «It is a passion to be a pointing-stock for every finger and to maintain even a just opinion against the half-reason of the world» [AD II 68].
219 «A thin-witted religion» [AD I 141], «their souls are cankerweed beds of fanaticism» [AD I 95], «the dreadful-faced harpy of their religion» [AD I 95].
220 «A little salt of science would dissolve all their religion» [AD I 92].
221 «To lay the first stone – hewn without hands – of the indestructible building of our science» [AD II 165].
222 «The indestructible temple-building of science, wherein is truth» [AD II 409].
223 «They are a limited narrow-minded people whose inert intellects lie incuriously fallow» [IAD 22].
224 «Semites are black and white not only in vision, but in their inner furnishing» [IAD 22].
225 «It was as with the negroes... their faces, being clearly different from ours, were tolerable; but it hurt that they should possess exact counterparts of all our bodies» [SPW 176].
226 «This suspicion of their not being inhuman», Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness (New York: Signet Classics, 1978) 105 (ma traduction).
227 Thomas Edward Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, 437, 560.
228 «I had to look after the savage who was fireman. He was an improved specimen», Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, 106 (ma traduction).
229 «A hollow, worthless thing», «they are like the people but not of the people» [IAD 20].
230 «They impress the peoples among whom they live by reaction, by giving them an ensample of the complete Englishmen, the foreigner intact» [IAD 20].
231 «Class one, subtle and insinuating, caught the characteristics of the people about him, their speech, their conventions of thought, almost their manner. He directed men secretely, guiding them as he would. In such frictionless habit of influence his own nature lay hid, unnoticed» [SPW 354].
232 «A man who gives himself to be a possession of aliens leads a Yahoo life, having bartered his soul to a brute-master» [SPW 29].
233 «I had dropped one form and not taken on the other» [SPW 30].
234 « I am convinced that the natives of India cannot respect a European who mixes with them familiarly, or especially who imitates their customs, manners and dress » [PN I 40].
