Elites in the necropolis: expression and influence in the organization of funerary space. The example of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Avaricum (Bourges, France)—abridged version
p. 155-165
Résumés
Recent archaeological operations have produced data about the only Late Antiquity necropolis excavated in Bourges so far. All the data collected and new archaeo-anthropological tools allow a complete re-reading of this deposit, with implications beyond the funerary sphere. More than 400 ancient burials and eight funerary buildings have been excavated. The role of these buildings in the organization of the burial space has yet to be determined, but their location suggests their power of attraction and an anticipation of the development of the necropolis. These buildings testify to the wealth of those who built them and, by extension, their occupants. The study of these mausoleums, together with biological data, points towards family concessions used over several phases.
Les opérations d’archéologie récentes remettent en lumière la seule nécropole de l’Antiquité tardive fouillée à Bourges jusqu’à présent. L’exploitation conjointe de l’ensemble des données récoltées et de nouveaux outils archéo-anthropologiques permettent une relecture complète de ce gisement dont les résultats dépassent la seule sphère funéraire.
Plus de 400 sépultures antiques et huit édifices funéraires maçonnés ont été fouillés. Le rôle de ces bâtiments dans l’organisation de l’espace funéraire n’a pour l’instant pas pu être démontré mais leur implantation suggère leur pouvoir d’attraction et l’anticipation du développement de la nécropole. Ils témoignent à la fois de la richesse de leurs commanditaires, et par extension de leurs bénéficiaires.
Associée aux données biologiques, l’étude de ces mausolées tend à caractériser des concessions familiales utilisées sur plusieurs phases.
Entrées d’index
Mots-clés : Antiquité tardive, Gaule Aquitaine, Bourges, nécropole, édifices funéraires, hypogée, pratiques funéraires
Keywords : Late Antiquity, Aquitaine Gaul, Bourges, necropolis, funerary buildings, hypogeum, funerary practices
Note de l’éditeur
This article is not a translation but an abridged version of the French article “Des élites dans la nécropole : expression et influence dans l’organisation de l’espace funéraire. L’exemple de Saint-Martin-des-Champs à Avaricum (Bourges, France)”. Translated and edited by Cadenza Academic Translations.
Texte intégral
1The various building works undertaken east of Bourges city center since the 1980s have led to several archaeological investigations that have revealed, among other things, an extensive funerary area. From east to west, from the Saint-Martin-des-Champs site to the Monin site (fig. 2), the necropolis can be traced over a length of around 300 m, with a maximum width of around 100 m, giving an approximate area of 30,000 m2 that has been archaeologically identified and very partially excavated (Pic, Durand 2000).
2The work carried out at the necropolis of Saint-Martin-des-Champs and, more recently, at the Monin site confirms that the first stages of funerary use date to the end of the 3rd century and continue until the middle of the 6th century. As well as hundreds of excavated graves, the necropolis comprises five complete funerary buildings and three that are incomplete because they extend beyond the excavated area (fig. 5). Graves and buildings densely occupy the entire open space. The tombs rarely overlap and are never intersected by buildings.
3Tombs of juveniles are distributed throughout the sections of the funerary area that have been investigated, with no sign of a separate area for juvenile burials (Durand 2005). In contrast, the costliest grave goods are found in specific parts of the necropolis. The presence of stone sarcophagi directly alongside the other graves does not seem to conform to a precise topographic pattern.
4The role of the buildings in the organization of the funerary area has yet to be determined, but we know for certain that they were built in areas where there were no graves, suggesting their power of attraction and an anticipation of the future extent of the funerary area. One of these buildings is particularly remarkable because of its shape, dimensions, and the presence of an underground chamber containing 12 graves, which have been excavated (fig. 9). The inhumations were in sarcophagi or masonry graves. All testify to the care and resources used in their creation.
5The necropolis of Saint-Martin-des-Champs supplements the data from other large funerary complexes in Gaul. It illustrates the emergence of new funerary practices during Late Antiquity that served to express the high social status of a small portion of the population, probably the richest and perhaps the most influential, at least within the city. They testify both to the wealth of those who built them, and by extension their occupants, and to a desire to inscribe them visibly into the funerary and peri-urban landscape of Avaricum.
Bibliographie
Durand 2005 Durand R., La mort chez les Bituriges Cubes : approches archéologiques et données anthropologiques d’une cité de Gaule romaine, Ph.D. dissertation, Paris, 484 p. (Pantheon-Sorbonne University).
Pic, Durand 2000 Pic V., Durand R., Topographie urbaine et dynamique des nécropoles, in Cahiers d’Archéologie et d’Histoire du Berry, 144/145, p. 87-93.
Auteur
Service d’archéologie préventive Bourges Plus, Bourges, France
PACEA, UMR 5199, Pessac, France
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