1 Statistique Canada, Décès 2009 : tableau 2-2 décès selon la géographie — En milieu hospitalier et ailleurs, ministère de l’Industrie, 2012.
2 K. M. Detering, A. D. Hancock, M. C. Reade et W. Silvester, « The Impact of Advance Care Planning on End of Life Care in Elderly Patients: Randomised Controlled Trial », British Medical Journal, vol. 340, 2010, p. 1-9; J. A. Tulsky, « Beyond Advance Directives: Importance of Communication Skills at the End of Life », Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 294, n° 3, 2005, p. 359-365.
3 E. D. Morrell, P. B. Brown, R., Qi, K. Drabiak et P. R. Helft, « The Do-Not-Resuscitate Order: Associations with Advance Directives, Physician Specialty and Documentation of Discussion 15 Years after the Patient Self-Determination Act », Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 34, n° 9, 2008, p. 642-647; J. K. Yuen, M. C. Reid et M. D. Fetters, « Hospital Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: Why They Have Failed and How to Fix Them », Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 26, n° 7, 2011, p. 791-797.
4 R. D. Piers, E. Azoulay, B. Ricou, F. DeKeyser, F. Ganz, M. A. Decruyenaere, A. Michalsen, M. P. Azevedo, R. Owczuk, F. Rubulotta P. Depuydt, A. P. Meert, A. K. Reyners, A.A. Bekaert, N.J. Van Den Noortgate, W.J. Schrauwen, D.D. Benoit, « Perceptions of Appropriateness of Care among European and Israeli Intensive Care Unit Nurses and Physicians », Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 306, n° 24, 2011, p. 2694-2703; A. M. Torke, G. A. Sachs, P. R. Helft, S. Petronio, C. Purnell, S. Hui et C. M. Callahan, « Timing of Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders for Hospitalized Older Adults Who Require a Surrogate Decision-Maker », Journal of the American Geriatry Society, vol. 59, n° 7, 2011, p. 1326-1331.
5 C. Ells, « Levels of Intervention: Communicating with More Precision About Planned Use of Critical Interventions », American Journal of Bioethics, vol. 10, n° 1, 2010.
6 M. Frenette et J. Saint-Arnaud, « L’utilisation des échelles de niveaux d’interventions médicales en centre hospitalier », Revue canadienne du vieillissement, accepté pour publication, 2015.
7 I. Sorta-Bilajac Turina, K. Baždarić, M. B. Žagrović, E. Jančić, B. Brozović, T. Čengić, T. S. Ćorluka et G. J. Agich, « How Nurses and Physicians Face Ethical Dilemmas. The Croatian Experience », Nursing Ethics, vol. 18, n° 3, 2011, p. 341-355.
8 L. Chapman et J. Ellershaw, « Care in the Last Hours and Days of Life », Medicine, vol. 39, n° 11, 2011, p. 674-677.
9 D. P. Sulmasy, J. R. Sood et W. A. Ury, « Physicians’ Confidence in Discussing Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders with Patients and Surrogates », Journal of Medical Ethics, vol. 34, n° 2, 2008, p. 96-101.
10 K. Oberle etD. Hughes, « Doctors’ and Nurses’ Perceptions of Ethical Problems in End-of-Life Decisions », Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 33, n° 6, 2001, p. 707-715; F. Robinson, M. Cupples et M. Corrigan, « Implementing a Resuscitation Policy for Patients at the End of Life in an Acute Hospital Setting: Qualitative Study », Palliative Medicine, vol. 21, n° 4, 2007, p. 305-312.
11 E. D. Morrell, op. cit.; J. K. Yuen, M. C. Reid et M. D. Fetters, op. cit.
12 W. J. Ehlenbach, A. E. Barnato, J. R. Curtis, W. Kreuter, T. D. Koepsell, R. A. Deyo et R. D. Stapleton, « Epidemiologic Study of in-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Elderly », New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 361, n° 1, 2009, p. 22-31; M. A. Peberdy, W. Kaye, J. P. Ornato, G. L. Larkin, V. Nadkarni, M. E. Mancini, R. A. Berg, G. Nichol, T. Lane-Trultt, « Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Adults in the Hospital: A Report of 14 720 Cardiac Arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation », Resuscitation, vol. 58, n° 3, 2003, p. 297-308.
13 M. S. Ewer, S. K. Kish C. G. Martin, K. J. Price et T. W. Feeley, « Characteristics of Cardiac Arrest in Cancer Patients as a Predictor of Survival after Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation », Cancer, vol. 92, n° 7, 2001, p. 1905-1912.
14 J. T. Berger, « Ethical Challenges of Partial Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders: Placing DNR Orders in the Context of a Life-Threatening Conditions Care Plan », Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 163, n° 19, 2003, p. 2270-2275; A. Sanders, M. Schepp et M. Baird, « Partial Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders: A Hazard to Patient Safety and Clinical Outcomes? », Critical Care Medicine, vol. 39, n° 1, 2011, p. 14-18.
15 C. Ells, op. cit., p. 78-79 ; C. Tremblay, Niveaux de soins et mesures de réanimation, CSSS de Chicoutimi, 2009.
16 M. Frenette, Utilisation des formulaires de niveaux d’interventions médicales (NIM) en fin de vie chez les patients qui décèdent en milieu hospitalier au Québec, Mémoire de maîtrise, Université de Montréal, 2015.
17 J. R. Curtis, « Interventions to Improve Care During Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatments », Journal of Palliative Medicine vol. 8, Suppl. 1, 2005, p. 116-131.
18 E. D. Morrell, op. cit.; J. K. Yuen, M. C. Reid, et M. D. Fetters, op. cit.
19 Ibid.
20 C. M. Gaston et G. Mitchell, « Information Giving and Decision-Making in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review », Social Science and Medicine, vol. 61, n° 10, 2005, p. 2252-2264.
21 D. Hui, A. Con, G. Christie, P. H. Hawley, « Access to Palliative Care among Patients Treated at a Comprehensive Cancer Center », Oncologist, vol. 17, n° 12, 2012, p. 871-881; E. R. Schockett, J. M. Teno, S. C. Miller et B. Stuart, « Late Referral to Hospice and Bereaved Family Member Perception of Quality of End-of-Life Care », Journal of Pain Symptom and Management, vol. 30, n° 5, 2005 p. 400-407.
22 M. L. Campbell et J. A. Guzman, « Impact of a Proactive Approach to Improve End-of-Life Care in a Medical ICU », Chest, vol. 123, n° 1, 2003, p. 266-271.