2 All dates are A. D. (C. E.). A stage scheme established in 1927, called the Pecos taxonomy, divides the portions of Pueblo prehistory reviewed in this chapter into Basketmaker III from 500-700 ; Pueblo I (700-890) ; Pueblo II (890-1145), and Pueblo III (1145-1285).

3 Ortman Scott G., “Uniform probability density analysis and population history in the northern Rio Grande”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2014.

4 Bocinsky R. Kyle, Kohler Timothy A., “A 2,000-year reconstruction of the rain-fed maize agricultural niche in the US southwest”, Nature Communications, 5 (5618), 2014. Ortman Scott G., Winds from the North : Tewa Origins and Historical Anthropology, Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press, 2012.

5 Kohler Timothy A., Varien Mark D., “Emergence and collapse of early villages in the central Mesa Verde : an introduction”, In Emergence and Collapse of Early Villages : Models of Central Mesa Verde Archaeology, ed. by Kohler T. A. and Varien M. D., Berkeley, University of California Press, 2012, p. 1-14.

6 Ortman Scott G., Glowacki Donna M., Varien Mark D., Johnson C. David, “The study area and the ancestral Pueblo occupation”, In Emergence and Collapse of Early Villages : Models of Central Mesa Verde Archaeology, ed. by Kohler T. A. and Varien M. D., Berkeley, University of California Press, 2012, p. 15-40.

7 Wilshusen Richard H., Hurst Winston, Chuipka Jason, “Small hamlets to early great houses : the emergence of villages in the Mesa Verde region between AD 200 and 900”, In Southwestern Pithouse Communities, AD 200-900, ed. by Young L. C. and Herr S. A., Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2012, p. 141-154.

8 Glowacki Donna M., Living and Leaving : A Social History of Regional Depopulation in Thirteenth-century Mesa Verde, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 2015.

9 Wright Aaron M., “Low-frequency climate in the Mesa Verde region : beef pasture revisited”, In Emergence and Collapse of Early Villages : Models of Central Mesa Verde Archaeology, ed. by Kohler T. A. and Varien M. D., Berkeley, University of California Press, 2012, p. 41-57.

10 Bocquet-Appel Jean-Pierre, “Paleoanthropological traces of a Neolithic demographic transition”, Current Anthropology, 43(4), 2002, p. 637-650.

11 Kohler Timothy A., Reese Kelsey M., “Long and spatially variable Neolithic demographic transition in the north american southwest”, PNAS, 111(28), 2014, p. 10101-10106.

12 Badenhorst Shaw, Driver Jonathan C., “Faunal changes in farming communities from Basketmaker II to Pueblo III (A. D. 1-1300) in the San Juan basin of the american southwest”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 2009, p. 1832-1841. Johnson C. David, Kohler Timothy A., Cowan Jason, “Modeling historical ecology, thinking about contemporary systems”, American Anthropologist, 107, 2005, p. 96-108.

13 Schwindt Dylan M., Bocinsky R. Kyle, Ortman Scott G., Glowacki Donna M., Kohler Timothy A., and Varien Mark D., “Demography, climate, landscape and social dynamics in the central Mesa Verde region”, American Antiquity, 81, 2016, p. 1-23.

14 Bocinsky R. Kyle, Kohler Timothy A., “Complexity, rigidity, and resilience in the ancient Puebloan southwest”, In The Future in the Past : Historical Ecology Applied to Environmental Issues, ed. by Foster H. T., II, Paciulli L., and Goldstein D., Columbia, SC., University of South Carolina Press, 2016.

15 Varien Mark D., Ortman Scott G., Kohler Timothy A., Glowacki Donna M., Johnson C. David, “Historical ecology in the Mesa Verde region : results from the village ecodynamics project”, American Antiquity, 72, 2007, p. 273-299.

16 “House uselives” refers to the average number of years that the researchers estimate a residential structure to have been in use.

17 Borgerhoff Mulder M., Bowles S., Hertz T., Bell A., Beise J., Clark G., et alii, “Intergenerational wealth transmission and the dynamics of inequality in small-scale societies”, Science, 326, 2009, p. 682-688.

18 Kohler Timothy A., Higgins Rebecca, “Quantifying household inequality in early Pueblo villages”, Current Anthropology, 57(5), 2016, p. 690-697.

19 Potter James M., Chuipka Jason P., “Perimortem mutilation of human remains in an early village in the american southwest : a case for ethnic violence”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 29, 2010, p. 507-523.

20 Kohler Timothy A., Ortman Scott G., Grundtisch Katie E., Fitzpatrick Carly M., Cole Sarah M., “The better angels of their nature : declining violence through time among prehispanic farmers of the Pueblo southwest”, American Antiquity, 79(3), 2014, p. 444-464.

21 This transition has been more thoroughly discussed in previous publications (cited below in this section), allowing us to keep this section more brief than the section considering the transition from autonomous villages to polities, which has been less acknowledged, and investigated, in this portion of the Southwest.

22 Coltrain Joan Brenner, Janetski Joel C., “The stable and radio-isotope chemistry of southeastern Utah Basketmaker II burials : dietary analysis using the linear mixing model SISUS, age and sex patterning, geolocation and temporal patterning”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 40, 2013, p. 4711-4730, p. 4721.

23 Kohler Timothy A. and Van West Carla, “The calculus of self interest in the development of cooperation : sociopolitical development and risk among the northern Anasazi”, In Evolving Complexity and Environment : Risk in the Prehistoric Southwest, ed. by Joseph A. and Bagley Tainter B., Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, Proceedings Vol. xxiv, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996, p. 169-196.

24 Kohler Timothy A., Varien Mark D. (eds.), Emergence and Collapse of Early Villages : Models of Central Mesa Verde Archaeology, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2012.

25 Crabtree Stefani, “Inferring ancestral Pueblo social networks from simulation in the central Mesa Verde”, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, 2015.

26 Wilshusen R. H. et alii, “Small hamlets…”, op. cit.

27 Kohler Timothy A., Reed Charles “Explaining the structure and timing of formation of Pueblo I villages in the northern US southwest”, In Sustainable Lifeways : Cultural Persistence in an Ever-changing Environment, ed. by Miller N. F., Moore K. M., and Ryan K., Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2011, p. 150-179. Schachner Gregson, “Corporate group formation and differentiation in early Puebloan villages of the american southwest”, American Antiquity, 75, 2010, p. 473-496, p. 475.

28 Kane Allen E. “Did the sheep look up ? Sociopolitical complexity in ninth century Dolores society”, In The Sociopolitical Structure of Prehistoric Southwestern Societies, ed. by Upham S., Lightfoot K. G., and. Jewett R. A. Boulder, Westview Press, 1989, p. 307-361.

29 Lightfoot Kent G., Prehistoric Political Dynamics : A Case Study from the American Southwest, Dekalb, Northern Illinois University Press, 1984.

30 Kohler Timothy A., Varien Mark D., “A scale model of seven hundred years of farming settlements in southwestern Colorado”, In Becoming Villagers : Comparing Early Village Societies, ed. by Bandy M. and Fox J., Amerind Foundation and the University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 2010, p. 37-61.

31 Lekson Stephen H. (ed.), The Archaeology of Chaco Canyon : An Eleventh-Century Pueblo Regional Center, Santa Fe, School of American Research Press, 2006.

32 Johnson Gregory A. “Organizational structure and scalar stress”, In Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, ed. by Renfrew C., Rowlands M., and Segraves-Whallon B. A., New York, Academic Press, 1982.

33 Bernardini Wesley, “Transitions in social organization : a predictive model from southwestern archaeology”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 15, 1996, p. 372-402.

34 Kohler Timothy A., Crabtree Stefani A., Bocinsky R. Kyle, Hooper Paul L., “Sociopolitical evolution in midrange societies : the prehispanic Pueblo case”, Santa Fe Institute Working Paper, available : http://www.santafe.edu/media/workingpapers/15-04-011.pdf,2016.

35 Ledyard John, “Public goods : a survey of experimental research”, In Handbook of Experimental Economics, ed. by Kagel J. and Roth A., Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995.

36 Fischbacher Urs, and Gachter Simon. “Social preferences, beliefs, and the dynamics of free riding in public goods experiments”, American Economic Review, 100, 2010, p. 541-556.

37 Kohler T. A., “Sociopolitical evolution…”, op. cit.

38 Kohler T. A., “The better angels…”, op. cit.

39 Ibid.

40 A much larger sweep of a slightly revised version of this model is now underway and we report the results in Crabtree Stefani A., Bocinsky R. Kyle, Hooper Paul L., Ryan Susan C., Kohler Timothy A., “How to make a polity (in the central Mesa Verde region)”, American Antiquity, 82(1), 2017, p. 71-95.

41 Kohler T. A., “Sociopolitical evolution…”, op. cit.

42 Glowacki D. M., Living and Leaving…, op. cit.

43 Crabtree Stefani A., Vaughn Lydia J. S., Crabtree Nathan T. “Reconstructing ancestral Pueblo food webs in the southwestern United States”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 81, 2017, p. 116-127.

44 Sandhill cranes require open wetland habitats for breeding, but populations in southwestern Colorado were probably migratory, possibly preferring open, grassy sites.

45 Bocinsky R. Kyle, “A 2,000-year reconstruction…”, op. cit.

46 Schwindt D. M., “Demography, climate, landscape…”, op. cit.

47 Kohler T. A., “The better angels…”, op. cit. Kuckelman Kristin A. “The depopulation of Sand Canyon Pueblo, a large ancestral Pueblo village in southwestern Colorado”, American Antiquity, 75, 2010, p. 497-525.

48 Schwindt D. M., “Demography, climate, landscape…”, op. cit.

49 Sahlins Marshall, Stone Age Economics, Chicago, Aldine Atherton, 1972.

50 Kohler T. A., “The better angels…”, op. cit. Schwindt D. M., “Demography, climate, landscape…”, op. cit.