16. Materials for the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons
p. 421-437
Texte intégral
1This is as faithful a summary as we can make of the works that have brought ichthyology to its present state. These works will serve as source material and as a point of departure, and for our work we shall endeavor to take from them all that is accurate and useful, while being careful to acknowledge each author to whom acknowledgment is due. But we shall also add many other materials that have not heretofore been made public. We consider it our duty to recognize these, either by citing the sources of the augmentations that this new natural history of fishes is bringing to the science or by expressing our appreciation to the people who have rendered assistance.
2I myself for many years now have been gathering a portion of this material.1 As early as 1788-1789, on the Normandy coast, I described, dissected, and sketched almost all the fishes of the English Channel, and some of the observations I made at that time have been used in my Tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux2 and for my Leçons d’anatomie comparée.3
3In 1803, during a stay of several months at Marseilles, I continued this kind of research on the fishes of the Mediterranean. I did the same in 1809 and 1810 at Genoa and in 1813 at various places in Italy, and I published examples of these observations in the first volumes of the memoirs of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.4
4It was then especially that I began to perceive the degree to which all the existing ichthyologies were yet imperfect —in the number of fishes, in their relations, in the criticism of synonyms, and even in the characters assigned to the species.
5Therefore, I sought an opportunity to make a general and comparative study of the whole class of fishes, and I found it in preparing the large collection that the late Péron brought back from the Indian Ocean.5
6Lacepède and Duméril were willing to permit me to take charge of this task, and I included in my arrangement the fishes from the king’s cabinet, those from the stadholder’s cabinet, those of Commerson’s, which Duméril fortunately recovered and set in order, those the late Delaroche had brought back from Ibize,6 and those the late Delalande brought back from Toulon.7
7It was after this first inspection that I wrote, during the tumultuous years 1814-1815, the fish part of my Règne animal, published in 1816.8 It must have been evident to all my readers that in this book the classification, the characters of the genera, the division of genera into subgenera, and the criticism of species resulted from the study of nature itself, and one could readily see that preceding works deserved many corrections.
8Since then, in concert with my colleagues, professors of ichthyology, I have ceaselessly used every means at our disposal to augment this part of the king’s cabinet. Thus the ministers of the marine, the officers under their orders, and the head of colonies have consistently supported my efforts and those of the administration of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, and the collection has grown in a few years to a surprising number, at least four times larger than collections shown in the latest works.
9These large augmentations are due principally to the explorers who, since 1816, thanks to a convention proposed by the minister of the interior and approved by the late king, have traveled at government expense to various part of the world.
10Our first contribution, for which we have to thank both Péron and Lesueur,9 included the Atlantic Ocean, the Cape, Ile de France and Bourbon, a part of the Moluccas, and the coast of New Holland.
11All the other seas have successively given their quotas. The late Delalande went to Brazil in 1817 and to the Cape of Good Hope in 1820, where that indefatigable preparator made collections as astonishing for their number as for their preservation.10 Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, a knowledgeable botanist, during a long visit to Brazil, neglected no part of natural history, and for fishes in particular he provided some fine additions to Delalande’s collection.11 His Highness Prince Maximilien de Neuwied kindly lent us several fishes gathered in the same country,12 and we have seen many interesting ones drawn by the late Spix, which his heirs saw fit to submit to us before the forthcoming publication they intend to make of them.13

Auguste de Saint-Hilaire
A botanist who provided some fine additions to Delalande’s collection of fishes. Engraving from Saint-Hilaire (Auguste de), Voyage à Rio-Grande do Sul [posthumous publication ed. by Dreuzy Charles Louis Rolland de], Orléans: H. Herluisson, 1887, frontispiece.
12Cayenne is a place where we have always had collectors stationed in some way or another. In addition to the fishes formerly collected by Richard14 and Le Blond,15 we have recently received some through the good offices of Poiteau,16 while he was head of agriculture in that colony, and of Leschenault17 and Doumerc,18 who traveled there in 1824.
13Thus we have had ample means of shedding light on Marcgrave’s fishes and those that Bloch published from the drawings made under the direction of Prince Maurits of Nassau.
14The Antilles and the whole Gulf of Mexico have furnished us information no less abundantly. Plée, that courageous voyager who died a victim of the sufferings brought on by his sojourn of six or seven years in those terrible climates, gathered as many as five collections there, some from Martinique and Guadeloupe, others from Puerto Rico and the whole coastline of Colombia.19 Remarkable for both the size and the preservation of specimens, these collections are accompanied by precise notes on the habits of the species, their characteristics, and the common names given them in different places.
15Lefort, chief physician at Martinique,20 and Achard, pharmacist,21 sent to us from Martinique and Guadeloupe samples with even their colors as fresh as if they had just been caught. Ricord brought us from Santo Domingo a rather large number, also well preserved.22 Poey y Aloy, educated in natural science and living in Havana, brought us samples from the island of Cuba.23 We have also been sent a collection of fine drawings of fishes from the coasts of Mexico, made for the late king of Spain, by Mocigno.24
16It has thus been easy for us to recognize all of Plumier’s fishes and to rectify many of Bloch’s errors with regard to these fishes. All the fishes that Parra described in Cuba are also to be found in our collections, and we have been able to verify and complete his work.25
17Even the fishes in the high valleys of the Cordilleras are not unknown to us. The illustrious and learned explorer von Humboldt has been willing to send us some of those that he described in his zoological observations.26
18Our sources for the North American coasts have also been multiplied. The famous naturalist Bosc, who was the French consul to Carolina,27 has transmitted to us the fishes he has collected and the drawings he has made of them, some of which have already been published by Lacepède, but in a manner that needed clarification from nature.
19We are also indebted to Milbert, a capable artist who has lived a long time in New York, for a considerable number of fishes.28 He has sent us nearly all the species described by Dr. Mitchill and many other species collected from the coasts, rivers, and lakes of that part of the world.
20Lesueur added a number of interesting species, especially from the fresh waters of the interior, some of which he described in the scientific journals of that country.29 We have also received specimens from DeKay, a young naturalist from New York who studied at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris and has maintained an affection for this fine establishment.30 Dr. Mitchill himself sent some samples ;31 in particular, he sent the museum administration some handwritten memoirs that we have used.
21The fishes of Newfoundland have been carefully observed and described by de La Pilaye, who has freely transmitted to us his notes and drawings, from which we have taken some useful information.32 Recently Mr. Richardson was willing to show us fishes that were taken during the last voyage of Captain Franklin to North America.33
22Africa is the most difficult part of the world in which to travel with the apparatus necessary for making large collections; however, Roger, governor of the French settlements in Senegal, assembled for us a series of the fishes of this river,34 all the more interesting to us because we could compare it with the fishes Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire had collected on the Nile.35 This collection, along with the species of the rivers at the Cape brought back by Delalande36 and fishes that Marceschaux, French consul at Tunis,37 has just caught for us in the lake of Bizerte, has given us some idea of the freshwater populations of this vast country.

Fishes from the Cordilleras
Illustration from Humboldt (Alexander von) & Valenciennes (Achille), “Recherches sur les poissons fluviatiles de l’Amérique équinoxiale”, in Humboldt (Alexander von) & Bonpland (Aimé Jacques Goujaud) (eds), Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799- 1804, Paris: J. Smith & Gide, vol. 2, plate 47.

Fishes from the River Ganges
Illustration from Hamilton (Francis), An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches, Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1822, vol. 2, plate 33.
Cliché Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN
23As for the oriental seas, we have a small collection of dried fishes made by the late Sonnerat,38 which he gave us in 1814, but also a very large collection amassed during several years at Pondicherry and Ile de France and Bourbon by Leschenault.39 This has enabled us to verify most of the fishes of Commerson and Russell. Mathieu, a very learned artillery officer, has sent several rare and well-preserved species from Ile de France.40
24Diard41 and Duvaucel,42 during a rather long visit to Sumatra and Java, collected a good number of fishes; and the generous loans and gifts that the famous Temminck43 has made us of fishes collected in those islands by Kuhl44 and van Hasselt,45 and their drawings of the fishes, have fulfilled all we could desire in this regard. These two young and unfortunate observers had also been to the Moluccas, and their collections along with Péron’s have begun to clarify Valentijn’s and Renard’s drawings for us and to convince us that these drawings, although they may be outlandish, nevertheless all represent real objects.
25Reinwardt, learned professor of natural history at Leiden,46 has been no less generous than Temminck and has communicated to us all he collected on his difficult voyage to the [East] Indian archipelago.
26We include, among the most valuable consignments we have received, the fishes of the Ganges and its tributaries, which Duvaucel, my stepson, has collected with the greatest zeal, including even some fishes from the rivers of Nepal.47 These shipments, added to the immense collections of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, insects, and skeletons and anatomic preparations that he has sent to the king’s cabinet, will cause him always to be remembered here with gratitude. Were it not for our misfortune in losing this interesting young man, no less witty and educated than he was enthusiastic in his research —a misfortune due partly to the maliciousness of a few wretches who feared the proximity of a man capable of shedding light on their conduct— the natural sciences in all fields would have obtained collections superior to any that had ever been made. Let the reader permit me at least to record here the regrets that naturalists owe him. This portion of his shipments has enabled us to get a more complete idea of most of the species that Mr. Hamilton-Buchanan48 described in his handsome work on the fishes of the Ganges.
27Dussumier, a merchant from Bordeaux who is enthusiastic about natural history and a young man who has already made several voyages in his own ships to China and India, has always taken care to bring back to us the more remarkable objects that he has found, and we owe to him several fishes that are interesting for their rarity and the singularity of their characteristics.49 He even took the trouble to have some very elaborate paintings made at Canton of several beautiful Chinese species and has committed them to our care. Recently he sent us a valuable collection of fishes caught off the coast of Malabar and the Seychelles.
28Ehrenberg, who has sampled the production of the Red Sea and the Nile with admirable discernment and perseverance, has been kind enough to send us his drawings and descriptions and give us his duplicates for the king’s cabinet.50 We scarcely know how to express our gratitude for such noble generosity. He has given us a means of clarifying most of the accounts, numerous but obscure, left by Forsskål on the Red Sea fishes.
29We even have fishes from the Sea of Japan and Kamchatka, thanks to the generosity of Tilesius,51 the learned companion of Captain von Krusenstern. Lichtenstein52 has sent us all those collected during the same expedition by Langsdorff,53 and given by him to the cabinet of Berlin, as well as all those that Pallas procured previously and that he described in his Russian zoogeography. In fact Temminck, without hesitation, has just placed at our disposal a large collection of fishes from those distant places, which has been received by the Royal Museum of the Netherlands.
30While these generous friends of science have been thus depositing with us the fishes of the most distant countries, there are others who have been taking pleasure in procuring for us the fishes of Europe. In addition to the collections made by Delalande, Delaroche, and myself on the Mediterranean coasts, Risso has sent us his most interesting species from Nice, and the drawings he has had made of them from nature, without which we would not have a good idea of their colors.54 Bonelli has also sent us fishes, and has lent us some of the rarer ones from the Museum of Turin.55 But we have a particularly superb collection, numerous and well preserved, owing to the disinterested zeal of Savigny who, during a year’s journey in Italy, ceaselessly sought all fishes that appeared in the various markets and who even went out on the boats several times to take the fishes that the fishermen neglected.56 He thus procured for the king’s cabinet almost four hundred species, all of the highest standard and in a perfect state of perservation. Happy this ingenious observer would have been, had the state of his health permitted him to know that naturalists were enjoying the fruit of his efforts. We hasten to point out here, at least, the reasons for his deserving the gratitude of naturalists.
31Bibron, an employee of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, went to Sicily and gathered several more species that had escaped Savigny ;57 Dr. Leach procured for us some from Malta ;58 Admiral de Rigny, during the noble expedition he commanded in the [Greek] archipelago,59 took care to have the parrotfish (scare) caught for us, a fish famous among the ancients but never seen by modern man except Aldrovandi. At this moment we are awaiting some products from the area of the archipelago, where Dr. Bailly has promised us to look after the interests of ichthyology during his sojourn in Greece.60 Adding to these numerous collections those that Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire has made on the Nile and on the coast of Egypt, we dare to congratulate ourselves for lacking nothing that would clarify what has been written about the fishes of the Mediterranean from earliest times.
32Also, at Marseilles we have in Roux, curator of that city’s museum, a correspondent full of enlightenment and zeal who is willing to give us any information we ask of him61 and who even proposes, when he has finished his ornithology of Provence, to publish colored drawings of the beautiful fishes of that coast, which are still little known and incorrectly represented.62
33The fishes of our coasts have been studied with no less zeal. D’Orbigny, a correspondent of the museum of La Rochelle, has sent us all the species of the Bay of Biscay,63 thus enabling us to comment on the treatise that Cornide published on the fishes of Galicia.64 He has provided us the rudiments of the natural history of the albacore (Germon), so interesting and quite forgotten by most naturalists.
34At Brest, Garnot, a naval engineer, is willing not only to send us fishes, but also to commit to paper as accurately as possible their natural colors while the fishes are fresh.65
35Baillon, a correspondent of the museum at Abbeville, whose name is well known to naturalists from the discoveries he and his father have made about birds, is no less enthusiastic and discerning in studying the fishes of the English Channel.66 We are indebted to him for remarkable new species of such genera as Pleuronectes (pleuronectes), of which it is almost inconceivable there should remain any more to discover on our coasts.
36The late Noël de la Morinière, who perished in Norway during a journey to study fishing in the northern seas, collected several interesting fishes from those places.67 We have also received others from Reinhardt, professor at Copenhagen,68 who had been asked for them by my colleague Brongniart69 on our behalf.
37We would particularly like to receive European freshwater fishes, which are usually quite neglected in cabinets. We ourselves have intensively studied those of the Seine and the other rivers of the environs of Paris. My collaborator, Valenciennes,70 went to Anvers and Dordrecht for the purpose of finding the so-called whitefish or hautin (triptéronote or hautin), so poorly reproduced by Rondelet, which is none other than the lake whitefish (lavaret).
38Hammer, professor at Strasbourg, procured for us the fishes of the Rhine and the rivers that flow down from the Vosges.71 De Candolle, the famous botanist,72 along with Major, curator of the cabinet of Geneva,73 and with the help of several Swiss naturalists, took pains to procure for us the fishes of Lake Leman and other lakes in Switzerland and Savoy. This has given us a means of disentangling the natural history of several species of trout (truite) and grayling (ombre), poorly explained by Bloch and his correspondents. He even included some fishes from the lakes of Lombardy, several of which have also been given us by Bosc74 and Savigny.75
39Fishes from Lake Trasimeno have been sent to us by Canali, learned professor at Perugia.76 Bredin, director of the veterinary school at Lyons, has given us the zingel (apron) from the Rhône.77 Several interesting fishes from the Danube have been sent to us, superbly prepared by the labors of von Ritter Schreibers, the renowned director of the cabinet of natural history of Vienna.78 Lichtenstein, learned professor at Berlin, sent us some from Brandenburg,79 Thienemann, of Dresden, famous for his travels in the north, sent us many from Saxony.80 Nitsch made us a collection at Halle.81

Squirrelfishes
Illustration from Dumont d’Urville (Jules-Sébastien-César), Voyage de la corvette l’Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du roi: pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, Paris: Tastu, 1833, vol. Atlas, fishes plate no. 14.
Cliché New York Public Library
40We are now particularly knowledgeable about the fishes of Germany and are able to verify all of Bloch’s species because of Valenciennes’s recent sojourn in Berlin, during which, through the good offices of the great von Humboldt, he was allowed to collect every species raised there, in large and fine samples, even from the pools belonging to the king.
41We have received fishes even from the Don and the Phasis through the good offices of Gamba, French consul to Georgia ;82 and the shipment that Lichtenstein kindly sent us of Pallas’s fishes, given to the cabinet of Berlin by Rudolphi,83 has given us much information on the species of Russia. But most of all, we are extremely grateful for the gracious attention that Her Imperial Highness the grand duchess Hélène has deigned to show us in sending handsome samples of the most remarkable fishes of that empire, along with their common names. May the reader permit us here to express our respectful gratitude for this proof, given by such a distinguished princess, of enlightened love for the sciences !84
42The great nautical expeditions commissioned by the late king have completed this long series of acquisitions that began with the expedition of Baudin. De Freycinet85 and Duperrey,86 on their voyages round the world, have had fishes collected from all the seas traversed, according to the instructions they received through the zeal for science that animates the Ministry of the Marine, and they have been well supported in this research —de Freycinet by Quoy87 and Gaimard,88 and Duperrey by Garnot89 and Lesson.90 The accounts of their voyages included drawings and descriptions of the more remarkable new species they discovered; but they have brought back many others that, although not new to science, still are of great interest for our work, either because we are thus enabled to describe them better than our predecessors have done, or because of anatomical and other peculiarities they exhibit. Moreover, it is thus that we have fishes from New Zealand, New Guinea, the Mariannas, the Sandwich Islands, Tierra del Fuego, and the south of Brazil. On other occasions we have even received fishes from the river Plata, and especially Buenos Aires; and we are expecting handsome collections from New Guinea, where Quoy and Gaimard, who have already accomplished such great work during the voyage of de Freycinet, are sailing with d’Urville. Inspired with a new zeal, and fortified by experience, they cannot help but obtain good results again.91
43As for ourselves, our only remaining wish is that the work we have undertaken will not be found too unworthy of the illustrious writers whose work we seek to continue, or of the help and encouragement we have received from such a great number of friends and protectors of natural history. We are content to hope that in its turn it will take its place among the works that have advanced the cause of science. We bend our efforts toward that goal.
Notes de bas de page
1 To complete this history of ichthyology, we felt it necessary to repeat here the account of our work as it has been announced in our prospectus [to the Histoire naturelle des poissons; see Cuvier (Georges), Histoire naturelle des poissons, ouvrage contenant plus de cinq mille espèces de ces animaux, décrites d’après nature et distribuées conformément à leurs rapports d’organisation, avec des observations sur leur anatomie et des recherches critiques sur leur nomenclature ancienne et moderne; par M. le baron Cuvier… et par M. Valenciennes… Prospectus rédigé par M. le baron Cuvier, Paris; Strasbourg: F. G. Levrault; Mallet-Bachelier, 1827].
2 [Cuvier], Tableau élémentaire de I’histoire naturelle des animaux, Paris, 1798, one volume, in octavo.
3 [Cuvier], Leçons d’anatomie comparée, Paris, 1800-1805, five volumes in octavo.
4 [Cuvier (Georges), “Notice sur un poisson célèbre, et cependant presque inconnu des auteurs systématiques, appelé sur nos côtes de l’océan, aigle ou maigre, et sur celles de la Méditerranée, umbra, fegaro et poisson royal; avec une description abrégée de sa vessie natatoire,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 1-21, pl. 1-3; “Observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 226-241, pl. 11; “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 312-330, pl. 16; “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 353-363; “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 451-466, pl. 23.]
5 [Péron, see chap. 13, note 33.]
6 [Delaroche (see chap. 12, note 17) brought back about one hundred species of fishes from Ibize, of which thirty were new to science.]
7 [Pierre Antoine Delalande, onetime naturalist-aide to Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, was born at Versailles in 1787. Having traveled widely and returned to France with rich collections of natural objects, he died in 1823 of fever while editing the description of his travels. He brought back fishes from Toulon and Marseilles, Brazil, Cape Verde, and the Cape of Good Hope.]
8 [Cuvier], The Animal Kingdom, a classification of animals intended to be used as a basis for zoology and as an introduction to comparative anatomy, Paris, 1816, four volumes in octavo. [Although often dated 1817, even by Cuvier himself, there is ample evidence that all four volumes were available in November 1816; see Whitehead (Peter James Palmer), “The dating of the 1st edition of Cuvier’s Règne animal distribué d’après son organisation,” Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. 4, no. 6, 1967, pp. 300-301; Cowan (Charles Francis), “Cuvier’s Règne animal, first édition,” Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. 5, no. 3, 1969, p. 219; Roux (Charles), “On the dating of the first edition of Cuvier’s Règne animal,” Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. 8, no. 1, 1976, p. 31] A second edition [was published in 1829, Paris, five volumes in octavo; the part on fishes is found in vol. 2: 122-406].
9 [Péron and Lesueur, see chap. 13, notes 32, 33.]
10 [Delalande, see note 7 above.]
11 [Augustin François César Provençal de Saint-Hilaire (Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, no known relation to Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), born at Orléans in 1779, died near Sonnely (Loiret) in 1853. Accompanying Delalande aboard the Hermione, he traveled to Brazil, where from 1816 to 1822 he amassed large collections of plants and animals, including fifty-eight fishes that he donated to the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. For more on Saint-Hilaire, see Lamy (Denis), Pignal (Marc), Sarthou (Corinne) & Romaniuc-Neto (Sergio) (eds), Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853): un botaniste français au Brésil / Auguste de Saint-Hilaire (1779-1853): um botânico francês no Brasil, Paris: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 2016, 607 p. (Archives; 22).]
12 [Alexander Philipp Maximilian, prince of Wied-Neuwied, one of the great explorer-naturalists and ethnologists of the nineteenth century, was born at Neuwied, along the Rhine near Koblenz, Prussia, in 1782 and died there in 1867. He explored Brazil from 1815 to 1817 and North America from 1838 to 1843, bringing back large collections; he donated fishes from Brazil. For more on Wied-Neuwied, see Adler (Kraig) (ed.), Contributions to the history of herpetology, Oxford (Ohio): Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1989, pp. 22-23.]
13 [Spix, see chap. 15, note 13.]
14 [Louis Claude Marie Richard, born at Versailles in 1754, died at Paris in 1821, traveled to Cayenne in 1781, Brazil in 1785, and numerous islands of the Antilles from 1786 to 1788. He sent back fishes from Martinique.]
15 [Le Blond, see chap. 12, note 4.]
16 [Pierre Antoine Poiteau, born at Amblémy near Soissons (Aisne) in 1766, died at Paris in 1854, was sent on a mission to Haiti, where he was appointed chief gardener at the new botanical garden. Returning to France in 1815, he first worked at the garden at Versailles but later, in 1818, was appointed head of agriculture in Guiana. During his stay in the Antilles and Guiana, he collected plants and animals for the Muséum, donating in particular fishes from Cayenne.]
17 [Jean Baptiste Louis Claude Théodore Leschenault, sometimes called Leschenault de la Tour, born at Chalon-sur-Saône in 1773, went as botanist on the voyage to the southern lands on the Géographe, commanded by Nicolas Baudin (see chap. 13, note 43). After exploring Timor, Java, and Ceylon and traveling to the United States, he returned to France in 1807, only to depart again in 1816, this time for India, where he became director of the botanical gardens at Pondicherry. Returning again to France in 1822, he embarked on a third voyage, this time to South America, with Doumerc (see note 18 below), where in Cayenne, Surinam, and the area around Rio de Janeiro and Bahia he made large collections for the Muséum. He died in Paris in 1826. For more on Leschenault, see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 231-235.]
18 [Adolphe Jacques Louis Doumerc, born in Hamburg in 1802, died at Paris in 1868, joined Leschenault in a voyage to South America (see note 17 above).]
19 [Auguste Plée (also spelled Pley), born at Paris in 1786, was a voyager-naturalist who in 1820 sailed to the Antilles, where he visited the islands of Martinique, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, St. Lucia, St. Barthelemy, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. He later traveled to Quebec and explored the coasts of Colombia and Venezuela. He died on Martinique in 1825, on the very day he was to return to France.]
20 [Pierre François Lefort, born at Mers (Somme) in 1767 was stationed at Fort Royal on Martinique as medical officer first class, physician to the king, from 1814 to 1817 and as second, then first, chief physician from 1818 to 1826. Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1820, he died at Amiens in 1843.]
21 [Mathieu Justinien Achard (1782-1849) was a navy pharmacist stationed on Martinique. He donated fishes regularly from Martinique and Guadaloupe.]
22 [Alexandre Ricord, born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1798, graduated as doctor of medicine at Paris in 1824, took lessons from Cuvier, traveled as correspondent of the Muséum (1827) and became naval surgeon at Santo Domingo. He died sometime after 1838.]
23 [Felipe Poey y Aloy, born at Havana, Cuba, in 1799, traveled to Paris to take courses from 1826 to 1832 under Cuvier, who entrusted him with the task of studying the collections of fishes from Cuba. Returning to Cuba, he was charged with the creation of a natural history museum in Havana (now the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Felipe Poey), and in 1842 he became professor of zoology and comparative anatomy. By 1873 he was dean of the faculty of philosophy, sciences, and letters. Over a thirty-year period, beginning in the early 1850s, he published numerous papers on fishes, perhaps the most important being “Synopsis piscium Cubensium,” part (vol. 2, pp. 279-468) of his much larger Repertorio fisico-natural de la isla de Cuba, in two volumes, 1865-1868. He died at Havana in 1891.]
24 [Mocigno, is Mociño, José Mariano Mociño (born 1757, died 1820), a naturalist from New Spain who, beginning in 1795, by order of Charles IV, made several journeys to examine the natural products of Mexico. Traveling widely throughout the region, he made valuable collections, including a considerable herbarium and a great number of drawings, which he took back to Spain in 1803. Two times secretary and four times president of the Royal Medicine Academy of Madrid, he died in Barcelona, poor and blind, in 1820.]
25 [Parra, see chap. 9, note 41.]
26 [Humboldt (see chap. 15, note 58) on Eremophilus and Astroblepus, two new genera; on a new species of the genus Pimelodus in his] collected observations on zoology and comparative anatomy, Paris, vol. 1 [see Humboldt (Alexander von), “Mémoire sur l’Eremophilis et l’Astroblepus, deux nouveaux genres de l’ordre des apodes,” in Humboldt (Alexander von) & Bonpland (Aimé Jacques Goujaud) (eds), Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799-1804, vol. 1: Recueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, Paris: F. Schoell & G. Dufour, 1811, pt. 2, pp. 17-20, pls 5-6; “Mémoire sur une nouvelle espèce de Pimelode, jetée par les volcans du royaume de Quito,” in Humboldt (Alexander von) & Bonpland (Aimé Jacques Goujaud) (eds), Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799-1804, vol. 1: Recueil d’observations de zoologie et d’anatomie comparée, Paris: F. Schoell & G. Dufour, 1811, pt. 2, pp. 21-25].
27 [Although Bosc received commissions from the France government to serve first as vice-consul to Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1797, then as consul to New York in 1798, he was apparently never accepted by the government of the United States (see Beale (Georgia Robison), “Bosc and the Exequatur,” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration, Paris, fall 1978, p. 151); for more on Bosc, see chap. 12, note 5.]
28 [Jacques Gérard Milbert, born at Paris in 1766, sailed as artist aboard the Géographe on Baudin’s (see chap. 13, note 43) great voyage around the world (1800-1804) but disembarked at Mauritius in 1801 because of illness. He returned to France in 1804. In 1815 he went to North America, where he stayed until 1822. Landscape painter and engraver as well as naturalist, he was named correspondent of the Muséum in 1820. He died at Paris in 1840.]
29 [Lesueur, see chap. 13, note 32.]
30 [James Ellsworth DeKay, naturalist, 1792-1851, was later to publish an important faunal description of New York, 1842.]
31 [Mitchill, see chap. 13, note 30.]
32 [Auguste Jean Marie Bachelot de La Pilaye, naturalist, born at Fougères in 1786, died at Marseilles in 1856.]
33 They are described [by Sir John Richardson] in an appendix [to Sir John Franklin’s (1786-1847; see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 160-167) description] of this voyage [see Richardson (John), “Notices of the fishes,” in Franklin (John) (ed.), Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1819, 20, 21, and 22, London: John Murray, 1823, pp. 705-728, pls 25-26]. [Richardson, born at Dumfries, Scotland, in 1787, was naturalist and naval surgeon on the Arctic expeditions of William Edward Parry (1819-1822) and John Franklin (1825-1827), charged with the search for the Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Later he joined an expedition (1848-1849) led by James Clark Ross (1800-1862) in search of Franklin, who had disappeared in 1845 (see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 307-315). Richardson died at Grasmere, England, in 1865.]
34 [Baron Jacques François Roger, a lawyer and governor of the French settlements in Senegal, thoroughly explored that country in 1826 with the naturalists Georges Samuel Perrottet (born at Vully, Switzerland, in 1793, died at Pondicherry in 1870) and François René Mathias Leprieur (born at Saint-Dié, Vosges, in 1799, died at Cayenne in 1870).]
35 [Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire; see chap. 13, note 18.]
36 [Delalande, see note 7 above.]
37 [Armand Jean Baptiste Louis Marceschaux (also spelled Maréchaux or Marcescheau), consul of France at Turin, traveled in 1826 to the south of the regency of Tunis.]
38 [Sonnerat, see chap. 9, note 6.]
39 [Leschenault, see note 17 above.]
40 [Mathieu, artillery officer and collector of crustaceans, mollusks, sea urchins, fishes, and birds, stationed on Mauritius; he probably returned to France between 1795 and 1800 (see Bauchot (Marie-Louise), Daget (Jacques) & Bauchot (Roland), “L’ichtyologie en France au début du xixe siècle: L’Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de Cuvier et Valenciennes,” Bulletin du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 4e série, section A, Zoologie, Biologie et Écologie animales, Paris, suppl. no. 1, 1990, p. 107.]
41 [Pierre Médard Diard, a student of Cuvier, born at Saint-Laurent in 1794. In 1817, with Alfred Duvaucel (see note 42 below), Cuvier’s stepson, he left for India, where they made collections for the Muséum. Later, in 1819, he went to Cochin China to collect plants on his own, ascended the Mekong, visited the ruins at Angkor, then went to Malacca. At the end of 1824 he settled in Batavia, where he collected for the Leiden museum. He died on Java in 1863, accidentally poisoned by the arsenic he used for scientific purposes.]
42 [Alfred Duvaucel, son from Madame Cuvier’s first marriage, a voyager-naturalist of the Muséum, born in 1793. Given a scientific mission to India in 1817, he left France with Diard (see note 41 above). After a brief stay at Calcutta and Chandannagar, where he established a botanical garden, he left in 1818 for Sumatra and Java, where he gathered collections that were later seized by the English East India Company at the behest of Sir Stanford Raffles. Much provoked by this incident, he returned to Calcutta, then departed again for Sumatra, where he succeeded in making other collections for Cuvier. Returning to India, he collected fishes from the Ganges and its tributaries and from Assam and Nepal. He died at Madras in 1825 of a fever contracted during his expedition.]
43 [Coenraad Jacob Temminck, born at Amsterdam in 1778, died at Leiden in 1858, was director of Leiden’s royal cabinet of natural history from 1820 to 1858. He donated fishes from Vienna as well as the fishes collected by Kuhl and van Hasselt (see notes 44, 45 below). For more on Temminck, see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 372-376.]
44 [Heinrich Kuhl, a German naturalist, born at Hanau an der Main in 1797 was appointed in 1820 to the Commission for Natural Sciences of the East Indies and left that same year with his friend van Hasselt (see note 45 below) for the Dutch East Indies. In Java he collected a great number of plants, animals, and minerals and sent to Holland many observations that were later published in the scientific journals. But the climate was fatal to him and he died in 1821 at Bogor, Java. For more on Kuhl, see Roberts (Tyson R.), “The freshwater fishes of Java, as observed by Kuhl and van Hasselt in 1820-1823,” Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), vol. 285, 1993, pp. 1-94.]
45 [Jan Coenraad van Hasselt, born at Doesburg, Holland, in 1797, traveled in 1820 to the Dutch East Indies with Kuhl (see note 44 above) to study the fauna and flora. Upon the death of Kuhl in 1821, he continued his exploration of Java and sent very large collections to the museum at Leiden, along with precise and detailed descriptions. He died of dysentery at Bogor in 1823. For more on van Hasselt, see Roberts (Tyson R.), “The freshwater fishes of Java, as observed by Kuhl and van Hasselt in 1820-1823,” Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), vol. 285, 1993, pp. 1-94.]
46 [Gaspar Georg Carl Reinwardt was born in 1773 at Lutteringhausen im Bergischen, Germany. He was named professor of natural history at Harderwijk in 1800, director of Louis Napoléon’s menagerie and director of the king’s cabinet at Haarlem in 1808, and professor of chemistry, pharmacology, and natural history at Amsterdam in 1810. In 1815 he went to the East Indies, having been put in charge of organizing education, medical service, agriculture, industry, and scientific research in the Dutch colonies. In 1817 he created a botanical garden at Bogor, Java, and became its first director. Returning to Europe in 1822, he was named professor at the University of Leiden, where he died in 1854.]
47 [Duvaucel, see note 42 above.]
48 [On Hamilton, see chap. 13, note 39.]
49 [Jean Jacques Dussumier, ship owner and merchant at Bordeaux, born in 1792, made at least eleven commercial voyages between 1816 and 1840 aboard his own vessels, the Buffon and the Georges Cuvier, in the Indian Ocean and as far as the China seas (see Laissus (Yves), “Note sur les voyages de Jean-Jacques Dussumier (1792-1883),” Annales de la Société des sciences naturelles de la Charente-Maritime (La Rochelle), vol. 3, nos 5-9, 1973, pp. 387-406). In each port of call he made valuable zoological collections, which he gave to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, along with descriptive notes and drawings made from nature. He was named correspondent of the Muséum in 1827 knight of the Legion of Honor in 1831, and officer in 1841. After living in Paris near the Muséum for several years, he returned to Bordeaux, where he died in 1883.]
50 [Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg was born at Delitzsch in 1795 and died at Berlin in 1876.] By order of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin [and with support from Alexander von Humboldt] he, along with [Friedrich Wilhelm] Hemprich [1796-1825], made an expedition to Libya, Egypt, Nubia, Arabia, and the western coast of Abyssinia from 1820 to 1825 that produced observations of the greatest interest to all branches of natural science [see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 183-187]. See the report by von Humboldt on this subject, Berlin, 1826, in quarto.
51 [Tilesius, see chap. 13, note 42.]
52 [Martin Heinrich Karl Lichtenstein, a doctor of medicine, was born at Hamburg in 1780 and died at sea between Korfor and Kiel in 1857. He became professor of natural history at the University of Berlin and in 1813 was made director of the zoological museum. He made numerous fishes available to Cuvier and Valenciennes during their visits to Berlin. For more on Lichtenstein, see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 240-243.]
53 [Baron Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, a German physician and naturalist, born at Wollstein, Hesse, in 1774, participated in von Krusenstern’s voyage (see chap. 13, note 41), joining the Nadjedjeda at Copenhagen and stopping at the Canaries, Brazil, and by way of Cape Horn, the Marquesas, Hawaiian Islands, and Kamchatka. Although the ship continued on to the China Seas, the Strait of Sunda, Cape of Good Hope, Saint Helena, and Scotland, finally arriving at Kronstadt on 9 August 1806, Langsdorff left the expedition in July 1804 at Saint-Pierre and Saint-Paul, returning to Europe by way of Siberia. Later he was named Russian consul-general to Brazil, arriving there in 1813. From 1813 to 1820 he lived at Rio de Janeiro. While leading a Russian expedition to the Amazon basin from 1821 to 1829, he fell ill and lost his mind; transported back to Europe, he died at Fribourg in 1852, never having recovered his reason.]
54 [Risso, see chap. 12, note 19.]
55 [Bonelli, see chap. 13, note 7]
56 [Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny, naturalist, born at Provins in 1777 joined the Egyptian campaign in 1798 as an assistant to Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. An eye disease contracted in the sands of Africa and aggravated by his close work rendered him almost blind as early as 1829. He died at Gally near Versailles in 1851.]
57 [Gabriel Bibron (also sometimes spelled Biberon), born in 1805, was the son of an employee at the Jardin des plantes, who from an early age devoted himself to the study of natural history. In about 1820 he was sent by the Muséum on scientific missions to Italy and Sicily, then to England and Holland. He became a member of the Philomatic Society of Paris in 1840 and later professor of natural history at the municipal college of Turgot. He died of tuberculosis in 1848 at the age of forty-two. For more on Bibron, see Adler (Kraig) (ed.), Contributions to the history of herpetology, Oxford (Ohio): Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1989, pp. 32-33.]
58 [William Elford Leach, born at Plymouth in 1791, graduated as surgeon at London in 1809 and physician at Edinburgh in 1811 but abandoned medicine to devote himself to natural history. In 1816 he was named curator of natural history at the British Museum but was forced to resign this position in 1822 because of poor eyesight. He left for Italy in 1826 and stayed there until his death at Piedmont in 1836. He wrote primarily on crustaceans and insects. For more on Leach, see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 223-226.]
59 [Henri Gauthier, comte de Rigny, a naval officer, was born at Toul in 1782. In 1822 he commanded the French naval forces in the Levantine seas; in 1825 he commanded the Anglo-Franco-Russian squadron sent to Greece; and in 1827 he was victor at Navarino against the Turco-Egyptian squadron of Ibrahim Pasha. Named vice admiral in 1827 maritime prefect of Toulon in 1829, and minister of foreign affairs in 1834, he died at Paris in 1835.]
60 [Étienne Marin Bailly, see chap. 15, note 42.]
61 [Jean Louis Florent Polydore Roux, born at Marseilles in 1792, was appointed curator at the museum of Marseilles at the time of its creation in 1819 and conducted research on the zoology of the area, particularly on ornithology. In 1839 he traveled in the Orient, went up the Nile as far as Thebes, and then went to Bombay, where he died in 1833.]
62 [Roux’s Ornithologie provençale appeared in 1825-1830, in two volumes, but his proposed work on the fishes of that coast was never completed.]
63 [Charles Marie Dessalines d’Orbigny, naturalist and doctor of medicine, born at sea in 1770, helped to found and develop the museum of natural history of La Rochelle. He died at La Rochelle in 1856.]
64 [Cornide de Saavedra, see chap. 9, note 40.]
65 [Prosper Garnot, born at Brest in 1794, joined the naval corps of surgeons in 1811 and defended his doctoral thesis in medicine in 1822. That same year, he embarked as assistant surgeon on the Coquille, and with his adjutant René Primevère Lesson (see note 90 below), he was put in charge of zoological observations during that ship’s voyage around the world under the command of Louis Isidore Duperrey (see chap. 13, note 45). Upon his return he, together with Lesson, wrote the zoological part of the voyage (see Lesson (René Primevère) & Garnot (Prosper), “Zoologie,” in Duperrey (Louis Isidore), Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du roi, sur la corvette de Sa Majesté, la Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825, Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1826-1831, 2 vols + Atlas [146 pls]). In 1828 he was appointed chief surgeon in Martinique, but afflicted with an incurable hepatitis, he was allowed to retire in 1833. He died at Paris in 1838.]
66 [Louis Antoine François Baillon, born at Montreuil-sur-Mer in 1778, died at Abbeville in 1851, was a botanist and zoologist who kept a cabinet of natural history at Abbeville and who donated fishes from Abbeville, Norway, Malaga, Buenos Aires, and La Plata.]
67 [Simon Barthélèmy Joseph Noël de la Morinière, traveler and ichthyologist, born at Dieppe in 1765, became inspector general of marine fisheries of France. In 1819 he was put in charge of a voyage of exploration that was to go beyond North Cape. It was during this mission that he died at Trondheim in 1822.]
68 [Johannes Christopher Hagemann Reinhardt, 1778-1845, sent fishes from the North Sea and Greenland.]
69 [Alexandre Brongniart, mineralist and geologist, born at Paris in 1770 and died there in 1847 became professor at the Sorbonne in 1808 and professor of mineralogy at the Muséum in 1822. Traveling widely throughout Europe, particularly in Sweden, Norway, the Apennines, and Greece, he brought back fishes from Norway.]
70 [Valenciennes, see chap. 13, note 10.]
71 [Frédéric Louis Hammer (born 1762), became professor of natural history at the École Centrale du Haut-Rhin at Colmar in 1798, professor of botany and natural history at the school of pharmacology at Strasbourg in 1805, and director of the experimental garden of the Society of Sciences and Agriculture at Strasbourg in 1806. He died at Ingershof in 1837.]
72 [Augustin Pyrame de Candolle was born at Geneva in 1778 and died there in 1841. Doctor of medicine in 1804, he was appointed professor of botany at Montpellier and director of the botanical garden of that city. Later he returned to Geneva and there received a chair in natural history and the directorship of a botanical garden. Author of numerous works, he exerted considerable influence on botanical studies, of which Geneva became the center for many years. For more on Candolle, see Nelson (Gareth), “From Candolle to Croizat: Comments on the history of biogeography,” Journal of the history of biology, vol. 11, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269-305.]
73 [I have been unable to identify Major, curator of the cabinet of Geneva.]
74 [Bosc, see chap. 12, note 5.]
75 [Savigny, see note 56 above.]
76 [Luigi Canali, Italian scholar, born at Perugia in 1759 and died there in 1814, devoted his life to the study of natural sciences.]
77 [Claude Julien Bredin, born at Alfort in 1776, died at Nice in 1854, devoted himself to the study of nature, philosophy, and literature. He donated fishes from the Rhône and its tributaries.]
78 [Carl Franz Anton von Ritter Schreibers, born at Pressburg in 1775, became director of the imperial museum of Vienna in 1805. He died at Vienna in 1852.]
79 [Lichtenstein, see note 52 above.]
80 [Friedrich August Ludwig Thienemann, German zoologist, 1793-1858, became inspector of the royal cabinet of Dresden in 1825. He sent fishes from the Elbe.]
81 [Christian Ludwig Nitsch, born at Beucha near Grimma in Saxony in 1782, studied the natural sciences at the University of Wittenberg, where he became professor of zoology and botany in 1808. From 1816 until his death in 1837 he was professor of zoology at the University of Halle.]
82 [Jacques François Gamba was born at Dunkirk in 1763. In 1817 he left for Ukraine, visited Georgia, returned to France, and left again for Odessa, from where he sent objects of natural history to the Muséum. He died in Georgia in 1833.]
83 [Rudolphi, see chap. 15, note 57.]
84 [Her Imperial Highness the grand duchess Hélène is Helena Pavlovna, grand duchess of Württemberg. Born at Stuttgart in 1807, the daughter of Paul, duke of Württemberg (a naturalist and traveler who amassed immense collections of natural history at his castle of Mergentheim), she married in 1824 the grand duke Michel, brother of the Russian czar Nicolas I. She died at St. Petersburg in 1873.]
85 [Louis de Freycinet; see chap. 13, note 44.]
86 [Duperrey, see chap. 13, note 45.]
87 [Jean René Constant Quoy, born at Maillé in 1790, began medical studies in 1807 at the Rochefort naval school and sailed as auxiliary surgeon on a cruise to the Antilles (1808-1809). After receiving the degree of doctor of medicine at Montpellier in 1814, he carried out a cruise to Réunion (1814-1815) as surgeon-major and later participated, with Joseph Paul Gaimard as second surgeon, in the circumnavigation of the Uranie under the command of Louis de Freycinet (1817- 1820), during which time he was in charge of geological observations. Again in the company of Gaimard, he served as surgeon-major on the Astrolabe under the command of Jules Sébastian César Dumont d’Urville (1826-1829). An excellent observer, an artist of great talent, and one of the greatest voyager-naturalists of his time, he amassed large collections of plants and animals. He died at Rochefort in 1869.]
88 [Joseph Paul Gaimard, born in 1793 at Saint-Zacharie, Var, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region of southeastern France, took part, with Surgeon-Major Jean René Constant Quoy, in the expedition of the Uranie, commanded by Louis de Freycinet (1817-1820), and the expedition of the Astrolabe, commanded by Dumont d’Urville (1826-1829). After a journey to Poland, Prussia, Austria, and Russia (1831- 1832), he participated in two voyages aboard La Recherche to the coasts of Iceland and Greenland (1835-1836). As president of the Scientific Commission of the North, he made yet another voyage to Scandinavia, Lapland, Spits-bergen, and the Faroes (1837), and two cruises to Iceland (1838 and 1839). Staying in Paris from 1839 to 1848 to direct the Scientific Commission of Polar Sea Expeditions, he wrote the account of his voyage. He died at Paris in 1858 in near poverty and had to be buried at government expense.]
89 [Garnot, see note 65 above.]
90 [René Primevère Lesson, born at Rochefort in 1794, participated as naval physician-pharmacist in the circumnavigation of the Coquille under the command of Louis Isidore Duperrey (1822-1825). In 1829 he was put in charge of a course in botany at the Rochefort School of Naval Medicine and was promoted to first pharmacist-in-chief for the navy in 1835. Nominated correspondent of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris, in 1833 and of the Royal Academy of Medicine in 1847, he died at Rochefort in 1849. A formidable collector of plants and animals and an excellent artist, he left a large number of paintings of fishes that he collected himself.]
91 At this very moment, Quoy and Gaimard have sent to the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, from Port Jackson 270 fishes, among many other objects, from various areas of the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific.
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