13. Rafinesque, Regional Contributions, and Maritime Expeditions of the Early Nineteenth Century
p. 341-357
Texte intégral
1In 1810, the same year Risso’s ichthyology appeared, a naturalist of French origin, living then in Sicily, Rafinesque-Schmaltz, published two small books that are also important to the natural history of Mediterranean fishes: Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia1 and Indice d’ittiologia Siciliana.2 The latter, which is the more recent, brings the number of known species to 390; in the two books combined, about 180 species are described as new and 73 are illustrated. A large number are in fact new, but there are not nearly so many new ones as are given as such, even omitting from consideration the work of Risso. The author does not seem to have had at his disposal all the works of his predecessors, especially memoirs scattered among those of the academies, which prevented him from recognizing that several of his fishes had already been described. In addition, he listed in his catalog, without scrutiny, all the species described by Lacepède and Linnaeus as being Mediterranean, which caused him to include several that are purely imaginary, and that includes even some of his genera. Thus his genus Aodon (aodon), taken from Lacepède, is the manta ray (raie céphaloptère); his Macroramphosus (macroramphose), also taken from Lacepède, is Centriscus (centrisque). He greatly multiplied the number of genera, sometimes on slight characters, so that, without counting those that are foreign to the Mediterranean, he recognized 139. Despite his readiness to divide them, he did not do it in circumstances where the laws of the system would make it imperative to do so. For example, he left the anchovies (anchois) in the genus of herrings (harengs) and the plaice (plies) in the genus of soles (soles), and of the one genus of sharks (squales) recognized by Linnaeus he created sixteen.
2The general classification in the first work is that of Lacepède; in the second, the author altered the system only in intercalating the cartilaginous fishes with the others, assigning them places according to what Lacepède said about their opercula and gills; for in this regard Rafinesque deferred entirely to the French naturalist and believed that the anglerfishes (baudroies) and triggerfishes (balistes) have no opercula and that the moray eels (murènes) have neither opercula nor branchial membranes. The genera in each division were distributed among certain orders, numbering seventy-one, but without regard for natural relations: Trachurus (trachures) and Labrus (labres) were placed in the order of the sparoids (spares); mullets (muges) are in that of the minnows (cyprins); the swordfish (xiphias) is far removed from the spearfish (tétraptures), and so on.
Atlantic wreckfish
Polyprion americanus. Described from the Mediterranean Sea by Achille Valenciennes in his “description du Cernié”, Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 1824, vol. 11, plate 17.
Cliché Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN
A cardinal fish Apogon imberbis
Described from the Mediterranean Sea by Cuvier. Plate 11 from the Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 1815, vol. 1, no. 2.
Cliché Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN
3The two works of Rafinesque are nonetheless quite worthy of attention for the original ideas in them and on account of some fishes the descriptions and illustrations of which are not found elsewhere, as well as for the care the author took to give us the Sicilian names of most of his species [see Table 12].
4It seems from his citations that he took some of his material from the work that Cupani had prepared under the title Panphyton Siculum, and which therefore must have contained something other than plants,3 but it is a book we do not know.
5One ought also to count among the writings that contributed to extending our knowledge of Mediterranean fishes the lists of common names and the particular descriptions given in various collections by Italian naturalists or by travelers in Italy: Viviani,4 Spinola,5 Giorna,6 Bonelli,7 Otto,8 Ranzani,9 and Valenciennes.10 I might also place in that number the monographs I have included in the memoirs of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris.11
6Fishes of the Adriatic Gulf have been studied with remarkable care by Naccari12 and Nardo,13 and according to the prospectus the latter has just put out, one may expect from him a handsome publication in which these fishes are considered in every aspect.14
7Low’s work on the fauna of the Orkneys, published in 1813 and edited with a preface by Leach,15 added very interesting details to the natural history of fishes of the North Sea, but the number of species presented is only fifty-two. The late George Montagu has left in the memoirs of the Wernerian Society descriptions of several rare fishes of the south coast of Great Britain.16 A fine posthumous memoir by Jurine on the fishes of Lake Geneva has just been published by the Physical Science Society of that city.17 Among the particular studies made in this period on fishes in distant climes, one may place in the first rank those of Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire on the fishes of the Nile and the Red Sea, to be found either in the annals of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris,18 or in the great work on Egypt.19 His studies have informed us of a multitude of unusual catfishes (silures) and the quite extraordinary genus Polypterus (polyptère) and have given us a better notion of many species incompletely described by Hasselquist and Forsskål. The value of these studies is increased by the beautiful drawings made from nature by Redouté the Younger (1812).20 Moreover, these studies have led the author to important works on the osteology of this class, which we shall discuss below. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the son, has just published a general edition of these descriptions that presents them with order and clarity.21 Lacepède himself described, in studies published separately from his great Histoire naturelle des poissons, some species sent to him from the Indian Ocean by Péron.22
8The various dictionaries of natural history published in France23 and abroad also contain important articles on fishes, which should not be neglected when one is studying this class. Among the naturalists who have published original observations in these dictionaries, we cite Bosc,24 Bory de Saint-Vincent,25 Desmarest,26 and Cloquet.27 The members of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg have continued to describe fishes from the sea of Kamchatka, and Tilesius especially has discussed some very remarkable ones.28
9The third volume of Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica by Pallas,29 printed under the direction of Tilesius, with numerous additions by the editor and long excerpts from Steller’s observations, contains not only the fishes of the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Arctic Ocean, and the North Pacific Ocean, but also fishes of the lakes and rivers of this whole vast empire. In particular, one reads interesting facts on the fishes of the Black Sea, which Pallas himself must have observed when he lived in the Crimea. However, by no means all the species of this immense territory are covered in this work. Only 240 species are included, distributed among thirty-eight genera, all Linnaean except for three: Comephorus Lacepède (elaeorhous), Agonus Schneider (phalangistes), and Labrax Pallas (labrax). They are divided into only two orders, the Spiraculata or Chondropterygii, and the Branchiata, which comprises all the others; and these two orders, with the reptiles represented under the name Pulmonata, form only one class, called the Monocardia or cold-blooded animals [see Table 13].
10As prosperity increases and the love of science grows in the United States, a better study of its natural products is being made, and although formerly it was the Europeans who went to collect samples, now it is the natives or the Europeans living in the country who are collecting samples, and doing it more extensively and with greater accuracy than could the voyaging naturalists.
Fishes from Canada
Fishes from the lakes of Canada described by Charles Lesueur. Plate 16 from the Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 1819, vol. 5.
Cliché Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN
11Thus, in the eighteenth century we had little more on the fishes of North America than the work by Catesby and what Pennant included in his Arctic Zoology. But in 1815 Dr. Mitchill, a scholarly naturalist from New York, published a natural history of the fishes caught in the environs of that city, in which he described 149 fishes, classified according to the Linnaean system, with small but well-done illustrations of 60 of the more interesting species.30 Because he adopted only two of the genera established since Linnaeus, Bodianus (bodians) and Centronotus (centronotes), he placed his species somewhat arbitrarily; among the pikes (esox), for example, there are some rather heterogeneous species. Neither did he always manage to sort out the correct nomenclature in the often very confused writings of the European naturalists; but in his descriptions he himself provided the means of rectifying errors he overlooked, and his memoir is certainly the best that has appeared in this century on the fishes of the New World. He has since written about some new species in the periodical literature.31
12The example of Dr. Mitchill has encouraged other naturalists —especially Lesueur,32 a French painter famous for having been the faithful companion of Péron on his voyage to southern lands,33 who has been living in the United States and has published descriptions of several beautiful species, with very detailed drawings, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia34 and in other periodicals.
13Rafinesque, the writer on Sicilian ichthyology, was brought to the United States to occupy a chair at the Academy of Lexington in Kentucky and immediately began to study the fishes of that region. He described three new genera in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia35 and proposed seventeen additional new genera in a paper printed in the Journal de Physique of Paris,36 to which he added several more in a publication titled Annals of Nature.37 Finally, in a natural history of fishes of the Ohio River and its tributaries,38 which he published at Lexington in 1820, he added more genera and described 111 species, a large number of which are new and had escaped the attention of Mitchill and Lesueur.
14Doubtless this vast continent of America, with its long and irregular coastlines and its large lakes and immense rivers, has still more rich contributions to make to ichthyology, and one can only hope that the naturalists who live there will pursue their research with the enthusiasm that has characterized them for some years now; they will thereby provide a good return to the Old World for what they have received from it in instruction and enlightenment.
15Today a similar zeal motivates Englishmen living in the Indies and in Australia (Nouvelle-Hollande) that has already produced excellent effects. In addition to the great work by Russell mentioned above, a natural history of the fishes of the Ganges was published in 1822 by Mr. Hamilton [formerly] Buchanan,39 containing 267 species, excellent illustrations, careful descriptions, and some very interesting details of their habits. It is the finest contribution to ichthyology ever received from a distant land. The author simply followed the orders of Linnaeus, or rather of Pennant ;40 but he adopted the genera of Lacepède and added several new ones. Like all recent authors, and especially those writing at a distance from literary sources, he sometimes failed to understand Lacepède’s nomenclature, or even Bloch’s. Therefore, some of the genera and species he proposed as new are not new; but his work loses none of its value from an accident that has befallen so many others.
François Péron
Engraving by Lambert from a drawing by Charles Alexandre Lesueur. After Péron (François), Voyage de découverte aux terres australes…, Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1807-1816, vol. 1, frontispiece.
Cliché Bibliothèque centrale, MNHN
Coral trouts
Illustration (detail) from Dumont d’Urville (Jules-Sébastien-César), Voyage de la corvette l’Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du roi: pendant les années 1826- 1827-1828-1829, Paris: Tastu, 1833, vol. Atlas, fishes plate no. 4.
Cliché New York Public Library
16Discoveries in natural history are today considered an essential part of the discoveries to be made by the large nautical expeditions, and the latest voyages of the Russians and French have fulfilled this objective in an exemplary manner.
17The account of von Krusenstern’s expedition41 published by Tilesius presents descriptions and drawings of twenty species of fishes.42 Captain Baudin’s expedition has also procured a great quantity of new fishes,43 thanks to the zeal of Péron and Lesueur, but their descriptions and drawings have not been published and it is not known what has happened to them since the death of Péron. Fortunately, the fishes themselves are preserved at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, and we shall avail ourselves of them for our work.
18The French government has taken steps to ensure that in the future the works of our naturalists are not thus lost to the public. The zoological part of the voyage of de Freycinet has already appeared, with magnificent plates of colored drawings of sixty-two species of fishes, among other animals.44 Quoy and Gaimard, the naturalists on this expedition, reported a much larger number, and we shall avail ourselves of them also. The engraving of the plates for Duperrey45 and d’Urville’s46 voyage has already commenced. Among them are several beautiful fish species, collected by Lesson and Garnot, and drawn with great accuracy by Lesson.
Notes de bas de page
1 [Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, born in Constantinople in 1783, died in 1840, was highly industrious, accomplishing during his lifetime a great deal of work relating to almost every subject.] His Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della Sicilia, was published at Palermo, 1810, in octavo [see Holthuis (Lipke B.) & Boeseman (Marinus), “Notes on C. S. Rafinesque Schmaltz’s (1810) Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e move specie di animali e piante della Sicilia,” Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. 8, no. 3, 1977, pp. 231-234.]; the dedication is dated 1 April. [For a sketch of Rafinesque’s life and a bibliography of his works, see Fitzpatrick (T. J.), Fitzpatrick’s Rafinesque: A sketch of his life with bibliography [rev. and enl. by Boewe Charles], Weston (Mass.): M. & S. Press, 1982, vi + 327 p., ills; for an English translation of some of his early works, see Cain (Arthur James), Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Schmaltz on classification: a translation of early works by Rafinesque with introduction and notes, Philadelphia: Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences, 1990, 240 p., ills (Tryonia; 20); see also Call (Richard Ellsworth), The life and writings of Rafinesque [prepared for the Filson Club and read at its meeting, Monday, 2 April 1894], Louisville (Kentucky): John P. Morton for the Filson Club, 1895, xii + 227 p. (Filson Club Publications; 10); Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or Natural history of the fishes inhabiting the river Ohio and its tributary streams by C.S. Rafinesque. A verbatim et literatim reprint of the original, with a sketch of the life, the ichthyologic work, and the ichthyologic bibliography of Rafinesque, Cleveland (Ohio): Burrows Brothers, 1899, 175 p., ills; Wheeler (Alwyne C.), “An appraisal of the zoology of C. S. Rafmesque,” Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, vol. 45, no. 1, 1988, pp. 6-12; and Adler (Kraig) (ed.), Contributions to the history of herpetology, Oxford (Ohio): Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1989, pp. 25-26.]
2 [Rafinesque, see note 1 above], Indice d’ittiologia Siciliana, ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi Latini, Italiani e Siciliani dei pesci che si rivengono in Sicilia, disposti secondo un metodo naturale, Messina, 1810, in-8°; the dedication is dated 15 May [1810].
3 Franciscus Cupani, born in Sicily in 1657, died in 1710, joined the order of Minims in 1681, student of Boccone [see chap. 5, note 20], had prepared for his Panphyton Siculum as many as 700 plates, which are said to be kept in the library of the prince de la Catolica. [Filippo] Buonanni [1638-1725] had begun to publish the work in 1713. There are proofs of 168 of these plates in the Banks library [British Library, Bloomsbury]. [But nearly all are devoted solely to plants. Exceptions include a few minerals and some animals, all shown on the margins of the plates, incidental to the plants; the animals depicted include a caterpillar and a moth (pl. 39); three gastropods (pl. 42); two gastropods (pl. 48); a bee (pl. 70); a crab (pl. 106); a fish, “Gobio uarius ex cruentato atrate maculatus” (pl. 113); three gastropods (pl. 118); another fish, “Asellus mas adolescens Smiridotu” (pl. 121); a praying mantis (pl. 143); a lobsterlike crustacean (pl. 147); and three gastropods and two bivalves (pl. 152) (see Cupani (Franciscus), Panphyton Siculum, sive Histora naturalis de animalibus, stirpibus et fossilibus quae in Sicilia, vel in circuitu ejus inveniuntur. Opus posthumum admodum Rev. Patris Francisci Cupani [handwritten title page + 168 uncolored engravings of plants, without text], Panormi: Typographia Regia Antonini Epiro, 1713, 176 [unnumbered p.], in-folio).]
4 Domenico Viviani, professor [of natural history] at Genoa [born at Lognano Levanto in 1772, died at Genoa in 1840, provided collections for Barthelemy Faujas de Saint-Fond (1741-1819) to produce a] catalog of the fishes of the river Genoa and the Gulf of Spezzia, published in Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 8 [see Viviani (Domenico), “Nomenclature de poissons de la rivière de Gênes et de la Spezzia,” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 8, 1806, pp. 368-370].
5 [Marchese Massimiliano] Spinola [count di Tassarolo], a naturalist [who also donated fishes from Genoa, born at Toulouse in 1780, died at Tassarolo, Alessandria, in 1857], described a seabass (serran), a cardinalfish (apogon), a flounder (pleuronecte), a member of the centracanthid genus Spicara (mendole), an anglerfish (lophie), and so on; he also published a catalog of the Ligurian names of several fishes, in Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 10 [see Spinola (Marchese Massimiliano), “Lettre sur quelques poissons peu connus du golfe de Gènes, adressée à M. Faujas-de-Saint-Fond,” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 10, 1807, pp. 366-380, pl. 10.].
6 [Michel Esprit] Giorna [1741-1809], professor at Turin, described the crestfish (lophote) of Lacepède in Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino, vol. 16, 1809; I [Cuvier] described this fish from an individual that was more nearly whole, in Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 20 [see Cuvier (Georges), “Note sur un poisson peu connu, pêché récemment dans le golfe de Gênes (le Lophote cepedien, Giorna),” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 20, 1813, pp. 393- 400, pl. 17].
7 [Franco Andrea] Bonelli, also a professor of natural history at the University of Turin [born at Cuneo in 1784, died at Turin in 1830; see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 83-85] reported on a ribbonfish (Trachipterus or gymnètre) in Memorie della Reale accademia delle scienze di Torino, vol. 24 [1820].
8 [Adolph Wilhelm] Otto [1786-1845], professor at Breslau, described several fishes of the Mediterranean in his Conspectus animalium quorundam maritimorum nondum editorum, Breslau, 1821.
9 [Camillo] Ranzani [1775-1841], professor at Bologna and primicier canon of the cathedral of that city, described in the Opuscoli Scientifici of Bologna a ribbonfish (gymnètre) that he calls Epidesmus maculatus [see Ranzani (Camillo), “Descrizione di un pesce il quale appartiene ad un nuovo genere della famiglia dei tenioidi del Signor G. Cuvier,” Opuscoli scientifici (Bologna), vol. 2, 1818, 133-137, pl. 6].
10 [Valenciennes], a monograph on the hammerhead shark (marteaux), Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), vol. 9 [1822]; description of the wreckfish (cernié or Polyprion), Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), vol. 11 [1824]. [Achille Valenciennes, whose father had been an aide to Daubenton since 1784, was born in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, in 1794 and spent his entire life associated with that institution. His formal education cut short by the early death of his father, he became a préparateur at the museum in 1812 and aided Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, Lamarck, Cuvier, and others with their zoological collections. He eventually became an aide-naturaliste associated with the chair of fishes and reptiles. Early in his career he was given the task of classifying the animals described by Alexander Humboldt on his journey to South America (1799-1803), and it was this relationship with Humboldt that later led to Valenciennes’s admission into the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1844. Although best known as an ichthyologist —his major scientific achievement was his collaboration with Cuvier on the great twenty-two-volume Histoire naturelle des poissons (see Pietsch (Theodore W.), “The manuscript materials for the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, 1828-1849: Sources for understanding the fishes described by Cuvier and Valenciennes,” Archives of Natural History, vol. 12, no. 1, 1985, pp. 59- 108)— he made contributions in many other areas of zoology, including monographs on mollusks and zoophytes. He died in Paris in 1865. For more on Valenciennes, see Monod (Théodore), “Achille Valenciennes et l’Histoire naturelle des poissons,” Mémoires de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire, vol. 68, 1963, pp. 9-45; Appel (Toby A.), “Valenciennes, Achille,” in Gillispie (Charles Coulston) (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 13, Hermann Staudinger - Giuseppe Veronese, New York: Charles Schribner’s Sons, 1976, pp. 554-555; and Daget (Jacques), “Achille Valenciennes, zoologiste complet,” Cybium, vol. 18, no. 2, 1994, supplément, pp. 103-139.]
11 [Cuvier, in the memoirs of the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris]: vol. 1, on the meagre (maigre or fegaro, Sciaena umbra) [Cuvier (Georges), “Notice sur un poisson célèbre, et cependant presque inconnu des auteurs systématiques, appelé sur nos côtes de l’océan, aigle ou maigre, et sur celles de la Méditerranée, umbra, fegaro et poisson royal; avec une description abrégée de sa vessie natatoire,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 1-21, pl. 1-3.]; the argentine (argentine) and cardinalfish (apogon) [Cuvier (Georges), “Observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 226-241, pl. 11.]; the cuskeel (ophidium imberbe) and razorfish (razon) [Cuvier (Georges), “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 312-330, pl. 16]; the damselfish (castagnau), wrasses of the genus Crenilabrus (crénilabres), etc. [Cuvier (Georges), “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 353-363]; and various porgies (spares), the sprat (melet), etc. [Cuvier (Georges), “Suite des observations et recherches critiques sur différens poissons de la Méditerranée, et à leur occasion sur des poissons d’autres mers, plus ou moins liés avec eux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1815, pp. 451-466, pl. 23]. Vol. 3, on frogfishes (chironectes) [Cuvier (Georges), “Sur le genre Chironectes Cuv. (Antennarius. Commers.),” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 3, 1817, pp. 418-435, pl. 16-18]. Vol. 4, on porcupinefishes (diodons) [Cuvier (Georges), “Sur les diodons, vulgairement orbes-épineux,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 4, 1818, pp. 121-138, pl. 6-7.], and the pacus (mylètes) [Cuvier (Georges), “Sur les poissons du sous-genre mylètes,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 4, 1818, pp. 444-456, pls 21-22.]. Vol. 5, on various other characiforms (salmones) and the bonefish (glossodonte) [Cuvier (Georges), “Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyn, sur deux nouvelles espèces de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles espèces de Serrasalmes, et sur l’Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l’Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch,” Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 5, 1819, pp. 351-379, pl. 26-28].
12 Fortunato Luigi Naccari [1793-1860], vice-consul of the two Sicilies at Chioggia, and librarian of the seminary in that city, published a memoir in 1822 titled “Ittiologia Adriatica, ossia catalogo de’ pesci del golfo e lagune di Venezia,” Giornale di fisica, chimica, storia naturale (Pavia), decad. 2, vol. 5, to which a supplement titled “Aggiunta all’ittiologia Adriatica” was added in 1825, published in the Giornale dell’Italiana Letterature [compiled by the Società di Letterati Italiani, Padua].
13 [Giovanni] Domenico Nardo [1802-1877], also from Chioggia, published an article called “Osservazioni ed aggiunte all’Adriatica ittiologia,” Giornale di fisica, chimica, storia naturale (Pavia), decad. 2, vol. 7, 1824.
14 Nardo’s prospectus, published in Isis, vol. 20 [1827], is titled “Prodromus observationum et disquisitionum ichthyologiae Adriaticae.” Its contents are arranged according to the order presented in my Règne animal [see Cuvier (Georges), Le Règne animal distribué d’après son organisation, pour servir de base à l’histoire naturelle des animaux et d’introduction à l’anatomie comparée, Paris: Deterville, 1816, 4 vols].
15 Fauna Orcadensis, or The Natural History of the Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Orkney and Shetland, by the Rev. [George] Low [1746-1795], from a manuscript in the possession of [William] Elford Leach [see chap. 16, note 58], Edinburgh, 1813, in quarto.
16 [George Montagu, 1753-1815], in Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, vol. 1, 1811 [describes a trichiurid (pls 2-3), a pipefish (pl. 4), a cuskeel, a cyclopterid, and a blenny (pl. 5)]. [On Montagu, see Cleevely (Ronald James), “Some background to the life and publications of Colonel George Montagu (1753-1815),” Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vol. 8, no. 4, 1978, pp. 445-480; Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 263-270.]
17 [Louis Jurine (1751-1819), “Histoire abrégée des poissons du Lac Léman” (1825), published in] Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d’Histoire Naturelle de Genève, vol. 3.
18 [Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, on the fishes of the Nile]: the bichirs (polyptère), Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 1 [Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Étienne), “Histoire naturelle et description anatomique d’un nouveau genre de poisson du Nil, nommé polyptère,” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1802, pp. 57-68, pl. 5]; the flatfish (achire barbu), Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 1 [Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Étienne), “Description de 1’achire barbu, espèce de pleuronecte indiquée par Gronou,” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 1, 1802, pp. 152-155, pl. 11]; and the characiforms (salmones) of the Nile, Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 14 [Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Étienne), “De la synonymie des espèces du genre Salmo qui existent dans le Nil,” Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, vol. 14, 1809, pp. 460-466]. [Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, born at Étampes in 1772, was employed at the Jardin des plantes as assistant attendant and demonstrator. In 1793 he was appointed professor of zoology at the Muséum and after the nomination of Lacepède to the chair of reptiles and fishes, he was made attendant of mammals and birds. From 1798 to 1799 he took part in the scientific expedition to Egypt with Bonaparte’s army, bringing large collections back to France, including fishes from the Red Sea and the Nile, and in particular the bichir (polyptère), the discovery of which alone would have justified the expedition. In 1808 he was put in charge of a mission to Portugal, again bringing collections back to France, mostly from the Museum of Ajuda in Lisbon. He died at Paris in 1844.]
19 [The great monograph series titled] Description de I’Égypte is being published by order of the French government, and since 1809 it has grown to several volumes in folio of text and as many volumes of plates in atlas format; the part on natural history makes up three of these atlases: [Description de I’Égypte, ou Recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en Égypte pendant l’expédition de I’armée française, edited by Edme François Jomard, with a historical preface by M. Fourier, Paris, 1809-1830, the text in nine volumes, the atlas in eleven volumes (see Description of Egypt, 1809-1830)]. There is an octavo edition of the text [in twenty-four volumes], Paris, Panckoucke, 1821 to the present [1829]. [There is also a two-volume facsimile of the plates from the Description de l’Égypte, edited with introduction and notes by Gillispie and Dewachter, 1987.]
20 [Pierre Joseph Redouté the Younger (1759-1840), Description de l’Égypte, in the plates of “Antiquities,” vol. 2, 1812.]
21 [Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, son of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1805-1861, on the fishes of the Nile, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, in Description de l’Égypte, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 265-310, pls 6-17 and pp. 311-340, pls 18-27.]
22 [Lacepède, see chapter 12, note 1] on a ray (raie), three frogfishes (lophies), a boxfish (ostracion), a pufferfish (tétrodon), a pipefish (syngnathe), a wrasse (labre), a surgeonfish (prionure), and so on, Annales du Museum d’histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 4 [Lacepède (Bernard Germain Étienne), “Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n’a pas encore été publiée,” Annales du Museum d’histoire Naturelle (Paris), vol. 4, 1804, pp. 184-211, pls 55-58]. [On Péron, see note 33 below.]
23 Nouveau Dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, principalement à l’agriculture et à l’économie rurale et domestique: par une société de naturalistes et d’agriculteurs: avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature, Paris: Deterville [1803-1804, twenty-four volumes in octavo. A second edition in thirty-six octavo volumes was published at Paris from 1816 to 1819]; Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles, dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens êtres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mêmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement à l’utilité qu’en peuvent retirer la médecine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts, suivi d’une biographie des plus célèbres naturalistes. Par plusieurs professeurs du Jardin du Roi, et des principales écoles de Paris, Strasbourg and Paris, F. G. Levrault. [This dictionary was edited by Frederic Cuvier (1773-1838), with a prospectus by Georges Cuvier and an introduction by the comte de Fourcroy. Vols 1-3 appeared in 1804; vols 4 and 5 and a few copies of vol. 6 were issued in 1805- 1806, but publication was then suspended until 1816, when these volumes were brought up to date by means of supplements and the work was completed in sixty volumes, plus twelve volumes of plates and one of portraits, 1816- 1830]; Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle, par Messieurs Audouin, Isid. Bourdon, Ad. Brongniart, de Candolle, Daudebard de Férussac, A. Desmoulins, Drapiez, Edwards, Flourens, Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, A. de Jussieu, Kunth, G. de Lafosse, Lamouroux, Latreille, Lucas fils, Presle-Duplessis, C. Prévost, A. Richard, Thiébaut de Berneaud et Bory de Saint-Vincent, Paris: Baudouin Frères [1822-1831, seventeen volumes in octavo].
24 [Bosc (see chap. 12, note 5) made important contributions to both the first and second editions of the Nouveau Dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle (see note 23 above).]
25 [Jean Baptiste Georges Marie Bory de Saint-Vincent, born at Agen in 1778 and died at Paris in 1846, a nephew of Lacepède and a student of Faujas de Saint-Fond, was a major contributor to the Dictionnaire classique d’histoire naturelle (see note 23 above).]
26 Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest [protégé of Lacepède and student of Cuvier, was born at Paris in 1784 and died at Alfort in 1838. Appointed professor of zoology at the Veterinary School of Alfort (1815), member of the Royal Academy of Medicine, correspondent of the Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris (1825), and member of several other scholarly societies in France and abroad, he was the author of numerous works, including] a series of articles published separately [1823] under the title “Decades ichthyologiques” [and contributions to vols 22-24 of the first edition, and all volumes of the second edition, of the Nouveau Dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle (see note 23 above)].
27 [Hippolyte Cloquet (1787-1840) contributed numerous articles to the Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles (see note 23 above).]
28 In 1810 Pallas [see chapter 8, note 41] published a memoir on the genus Labrax [a junior synonym of Hexagrammos Steller, in Tilesius von Tilenau, 1809; see Eschmeyer (William N.), Catalog of the genera of recent fishes, San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, 1990, pp. 184, 206], in which he described six new species (Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, vol. 2). In that same year, [Wilhelm Gottlieb] Tilesius von Tilenau [see note 42 below], also described a member of this genus, as well as a new species of codfish that he calls Gadus vachnia [a junior synonym of Gadus macrocephalus] (Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, vol. 2). In 1811 Tilesius described a stickleback (gastéroste), a gunnel (blennie), a lamprey (lamproie), a flounder (pleuronecte), and two sculpins (Cottus hemilepidotus and Synanceia cervus) (Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, vol. 3); in 1813, four poachers (agonus), a minnow (cyprin), a grouper (épinéphélus), and a sandfish (trachinus) [= Trichodon trichodon] (Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, vol. 4); and in 1820, a triggerfish (baliste) without pelvic fins, which he calls Balistapus (Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg, vol. 7).
29 [Pallas, see chapter 8, note 41], Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, published at St. Petersburg, 1811-1814, three volumes in quarto. The printing and distribution of this work has been much delayed, apparently owing to the loss of the copper-plates, but I have received a copy through the kindness of the president of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. [For dating of Pallas’s Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, see Sherborn (C. Davies), “On the dates of Pallas’s ‘Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica’.” Ibis, vol. 4, no. 1, 1934, pp. 164-167; “On the dates of Pallas’s “Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,” Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, vol. 1, 1947, pp. 199-200; Sclatter (William Lutley), “On the date as from which the names published in Pallas (P.S.) Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica are available nomenclaturally,” Bulletin of zoological nomenclature, vol. 1, 1947, pp. 198-199; Stresemann (Erwin), “Date of publication of Pallas’ Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica,” Ibis, vol. 93, no. 2, 1951, pp. 217-219; Svetovidov (A.N.), “On the dates of publication of P.S. Pallas’ ‘Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica’.” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow), vol. 55, no. 4, 1976, pp. 596-599; see also chap. 8, note 42.]
30 [Pennant, see chap. 8, note 38. Samuel Latham Mitchill, born at North Hempstead on Long Island in 1764, died in New York in 1831, received his medical diploma from the University of Edinburgh in 1786. Returning to the United States, he lived in New York, where he taught natural sciences. In 1801 he was elected to the United States Senate and moved to Washington, D.C., where he remained until 1813, devoting his free time to the study of fishes. In 1815 he published], in Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York, vol. 1, a natural history of the fishes of New York; the year before, he produced an essay, New York, twenty-eight pages in duodecimo [on this same subject].
31 [Mitchill, see note 30 above] on a common eel (anguille), a codfish (gade), and a salmonid (salmone), published in Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1 [1818]; and in Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, vol. 1, 1824, on a new genus, Saccopharynx, the same that was described by [John] Harwood in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 118, 1827, under the name Ophiognathus.
32 [Charles Alexander Lesueur was born at Le Havre in 1778. Embarking as a simple gunner’s aide on the corvette Géographe, on its voyage around the world (1800-1804) under the command of Captain Nicolas Thomas Baudin (see note 43 below), he showed such a remarkable talent for drawing fishes and other marine animals that Baudin relieved him of his military duties and gave him the title of artist of the expedition. In 1816 he left for the United States, where he collected fishes as he traveled through the valley of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. He took up residence in Philadelphia, where he became one of the most assiduous members of the Philosophical Society and the Academy of Natural Sciences. He returned to Le Havre in 1837 and directed the museum there until his death in 1846.]
33 [Francois Péron, born at Cérilly in 1775, died there in 1810, embarked as naturalist on Nicolas Baudin’s (see note 43 below) voyage of discovery to New Holland aboard the Géographe (1800-1804), during which time he, with the help of Lesueur (see note 32 above), gathered large collections of natural objects. Upon his return he was charged with writing a narrative of the voyage, the first volume of which appeared in 1807 (see Péron (François), Voyage de découverte aux terres australes, exécuté par ordre de Sa Majesté l’empereur et roi, sur les corvettes le Géographe, le Naturaliste, et la goélette le Casuarina, pendant les années 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804; sous le commandement du Capitaine de Vaisseau N. Baudin, Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1807-1816, 2 vols, [4] + XV + 496 + [2] p.; XXXI + 471 p., in-4° and 2 vols Atlas).]
34 [Lesueur] on three species of rays (raies) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of three new species of the genus Raia,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 41-45, pls 1-3]; five of eels (anguilles) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “A short description of five (supposed) new species of the genus Muraena, discovered by Mr. Le Sueur, in the year 1816,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 81-83, pls 1-3]; two of codfishes (gades) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of two new species of the genus Gadus,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 83-85]; one of a minnow (cyprin) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of a new species of the genus Cyprinus,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 85-86]; four killifishes of the genus Hydrargira (hydrargires) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Descriptions of four new species, and two varieties, of the genus Hydrargira,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 126-134]; and the whole genus of Catostomus (catostomus) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “A new genus of fishes, of the order Abdominales, proposed, under the name of Catostomus; and the characters of this genus, with those of its species, indicated,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 1, 1817, pp. 88-96, 102-111, pls 1-9], which he separated from the minnows (cyprins), and of which he describes seventeen species; on several sharks (squales) — including the angelshark (Squatina), a group he calls Platirostra— two herrings (clupés), and two whitefishes (corégones) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of several new species of North American fishes,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 2, 1818, pp. 222-235, pls 9-10]; three tarpons (mégalopes), which he groups under the name Hiodon (hiodon) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Descriptions of several new species of North America fishes,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 2, 1818, pp. 359-368, pl. 14]; four pikes (ésoces) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of several new species of the genus Esox, of North America,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1, no. 2, 1818, pp. 413-422, pl. 17]; some fishes from upper Canada, including six long-whiskered catfishes (pimélodes), a sturgeon (esturgeon), a toadfish (batrachoïde), a codfish of the genus Brosme (brosme), and two species of the gadid genus Molva (lingues) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Notice de quelques poissons découverts dans les lacs du Haut-Canada, durant l’été de 18163,” Mémoires du Museum national d’Histoire naturelle (Paris), vol. 5, 1819, pp. 148-161, pls 16-17]; three needlefishes (orphies) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Observations on several genera and species of fish, belonging to the natural family of the esoces,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 1, 1821, pp. 124-138, pls 1-2]; three drums (sciènes) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of three new species of the genus Sciaena,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 2, 1822, pp. 251-256, pl. 1]; five species attributed to the genus Cichla (cichla) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Descriptions of the five new species of the genus Cichla of Cuvier,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 2, 1822, pp. 214-221, pl. 1]; two flying fishes (exocets) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of two new species of Exocetus,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 1, 1821, pp. 8-11, pl. 4]; several small fishes akin to the live-bearers (poecilie) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of a new genus, and of several new species of fresh water fish, indigenous to the United States,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 1, 1821, pp. 2-8, pls 1-3]; and a large specimen of a shark he calls Squalus elephas [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of a Squalus, of a very large size, which was taken on the coast of New-Jersey,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, no. 2, 1822, pp. 343-352, pl. 1]; six rays (raies) or fishes like them [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of several species of the Linnaean genus Raia, of North America,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 4, no. 1, 1824, pp. 100-121, pls 4-6]; two new blennies (blennies) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of two new species of the Linnaean genus Blennius,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 4, no. 2, 1825, pp. 361-364]; a new subgenus of Salmo that he calls Harpadon [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of a new fish of the genus Salmo,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 5, no. 1, 1825, pp. 48-51, pl. 3]; four moray eels (muraenophis) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Descriptions of four new species of Muraenophis,” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 5, no. 1, 1825, pp. 107-109, pl. 4]; and a lizardfish (saurus) [Lesueur (Charles Alexandre), “Description of a new species of the genus Saurus (Cuvier),” Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 5, no. 1, 1825, pp. 118-119, pl. 5].
35 [Rafinesque, see note 1 above] on three new genera, Pomochis, Sarchirus, and Exoglossum, in Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 1 [1818].
36 Rafinesque, a survey of seventy new genera of animals, discovered in the interior of the United States of America in 1818, Journal de Physique (Paris), vol. 88 [1819].
37 [Rafinesque, a synopsis of new genera and species of animals and plants discovered in North America. Rafinesque-Schmaltz (Constantine Samuel), Annals of nature, or Annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals, plants, etc., discovered in North America, Lexington (Kentucky): Thomas Smith, 1820, vol. 1.]
38 [Rafinesque], Ichthyologia Ohiensis, a natural history of the fishes inhabiting the Ohio River and its tributaries, published at Lexington, Kentucky, 1820, in octavo [see Call (Richard Ellsworth), Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or Natural history of the fishes inhabiting the river Ohio and its tributary streams by C. S. Rafinesque. A verbatim et literatim reprint of the original, with a sketch of the life, the ichthyologic work, and the ichthyologic bibliography of Rafinesque, Cleveland (Ohio): Burrows Brothers, 1899, 175 p., ills].
39 An Account of the Fishes Found in the River Ganges and Its Branches by Francis Hamilton (formerly Buchanan), M.D., Edinburgh, 1822, in quarto, with an atlas of thirty-nine plates. [Hamilton (formerly Buchanan), 1762-1829, was a medical officer in the service of the East India Company, who traveled by order of the governor of India through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar in 1800 to study, among other things, the natural history of these countries (for more on Hamilton, see Mearns (Barbara) & Mearns (Richard), Biographies for birdwatchers, the lives of those commemorated in western Palearctic bird names, London: Academic Press, 1988, pp. 97-99).]
40 [On Pennant, see chap. 8, note 38.]
41 Captain [Adam Johann von] Krusenstern (now Admiral), left Kronstadt on 7 August 1803, made port in England, the Canaries, and Brazil, rounded Cape Horn, visited the Marquesas, Washington Island [Teraina, a coral atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, part of the Northern Line Islands], sailed up to Kamchatka, left there for Japan, returned to Kamchatka, crossed the China Sea, and returned by way of the Sunda Strait, the Cape, St. Helena, and the north of Scotland. He returned to Kronstadt on 9 August 1806. [Krusenstern, Russian navigator, hydrographer, and admiral, was born at Hagudi, Estonia, in 1770, and died at Kittsi Manor, present day Lääne-Viru County, Estonia, in 1846; the 1803-1806 voyage was the first Russian expedition to circumnavigate the world (Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 13, p. 508).]
42 [Wilhelm Gottlieb Tilesius von Tilenau, born at Milhausen in 1769 and died there in 1857, was a physician who sailed as naturalist and artist aboard the frigate Nadjedjeda on the Russian expedition of von Krusenstern (see note 41 above). His account of the expedition was published in 1813.]
43 Captain [Nicolas Thomas] Baudin [born at Saint-Martin on the island of Ré, off the coast of La Rochelle, France, in 1754, died [of tuberculosis] at Port Louis, Mauritius, in 1803] left Le Havre on 19 October 1800 with the corvettes Géographe and Naturaliste; [the expedition] called at the Canaries in November and Mauritius in March-April 1801, visited the southwest coasts of New Holland, stayed at Timor, and returned to Van Diemen’s Land, stayed at Port Jackson, revisited various parts of New Holland, and returned home by way of Mauritius and the Cape, reaching Europe on 16 April 1804 [but without Baudin who died at Mauritius on 16 September 1803]. The account of this voyage [by François Péron, see note 33 above] appeared in two volumes of text, in quarto, and two atlas volumes, Paris, 1807 and 1816; the navigational and geographical part, by [Louis Claude de Saulces de] Freycinet [see note 44 below], in one volume in quarto, with atlas volume, was published in 1815. The king’s cabinet received from this expedition more than two hundred species of fishes, but often they were small individuals. [For more on Baudin, see Horner (Frank B.), The French reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia, 1801-1803, Carlton (Victoria): Melbourne University Press, 1987, xvii + 461 p., [12] pls, ills.]
44 Captain [Louis Claude de Saulces de] Freycinet [born at Montelimar in 1779, died in Saulce-sur-Rhône in 1841, served as naval ensign aboard the Naturaliste on Baudin’s voyage of 1800-1804 (see note 43 above). Later] commanding the corvette Uranie, [he] left Toulon on 17 September 1817, sailed by way of the Canaries to Rio de Janeiro, from there to the Cape, Mauritius, Timor, Rauwac [?] near New Guinea, the Mariannas, and the Sandwich Islands, and returned by way of Port Jackson and Tierra del Fuego. The Uranie ran aground in the Falkland Islands, and he returned on an American vessel by way of Montevideo and Rio de Janeiro, reaching Le Havre on 13 November 1820. The king’s cabinet received about 150 species of fishes from the expedition, and [Jean René Constant] Quoy and [Joseph Paul] Gaimard [see chap. 16, notes 87, 88] presented illustrations of 63 of them, published in quarto, with an atlas in folio, Paris, 1824.
45 Captain [Louis Isidore] Duperrey [born at Paris in 1786, joined the navy at the age of sixteen and served as sub-lieutenant on the Uranie, under the command of Freycinet on a voyage around the world, from 1817 to 1820, during which he distinguished himself by his observations on magnetism]. Commanding the corvette Coquille, [he] left Toulon on 11 August 1822, went to Brazil and the Falkland Islands, doubled Cape Horn, visited the coast of Chile and Peru, the Friendly Islands [Tonga], New Ireland, Waigeo [West Papua], and the Moluccas, doubled the southern tip of Van Diemen’s Land, sailed to Port Jackson and from there to New Zealand, the Carolines, and New Guinea, and returned by way of Java, Mauritius, the Cape, St. Helena, and Ascension. He reached Marseilles on 24 April 1825. The king’s cabinet is obliged to this voyage for 288 species of fishes, collected by [René Primevère] Lesson [see chap. 16, note 90] and [Prosper] Garnot [see chap. 16, note 65]. [The zoological results of the voyage were published by Lesson and Garnot (assisted by Félix Edouard Guérin-Méneville, 1799-1874) in two volumes, 1826 and 1831; but the section on fishes was produced solely by Lesson. Duperrey, elected to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris in 1842 and becoming its president in 1850, died at Paris in 1865.]
46 [Captain Jules Sébastian César Dumont d’Urville, born at Condé-sur-Noireau in 1790, was second in command to Louis Isidore Duperrey on the Coquille (1822-1825) and led the expedition of the Astrolabe (1826-1829). In 1837-1840 he led the Astrolabe and the Zélée on a voyage to the Southern Ocean and reached the Antarctic continent. Appointed rear admiral in 1841, he died in 1842, along with his wife and son, in a train accident between Paris and Saint-Germain-en-Laye. For more on Dumont d’Urville, see Dumont d’Urville (Jules-Sébastien-César), Two voyages to the South Seas: Captain Jules S.-C. Dumont d’Urville [tr. from the French and retold by Rosenman Helen], Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1992, xxxvi + 304 p., ills.]
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Michel-Eugène Chevreul
Un savant, des couleurs !
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1997
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2005
Dans l’épaisseur du temps
Archéologues et géologues inventent la préhistoire
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Michel-Eugène Chevreul
Un savant, des couleurs !
Georges Roque, Bernard Bodo et Françoise Viénot (dir.)
1997
Le Muséum au premier siècle de son histoire
Claude Blanckaert, Claudine Cohen, Pietro Corsi et al. (dir.)
1997
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Emma C. Spary Claude Dabbak (trad.)
2005
Dans l’épaisseur du temps
Archéologues et géologues inventent la préhistoire
Arnaud Hurel et Noël Coye (dir.)
2011
