1 [Sébastien Vaillant, author of Botanicon parisiense, see Volume 2, Lesson 18, note 31.]

2 [Chicoraceae, or Cichorioideae, currently a subfamily of the family Asteraceae of flowering plants, comprising about 240 genera and about 2900 species; familiar members include lettuce, dandelions, and chicory.]

3 [Corymbiferae, a taxonomic category of flowering plants, no longer in use, containing the daisies and sunflowers.]

4 [Cynarocephalae, a taxonomic category of flowering plants, no longer in use, containing the thistles and artichokes.]

5 [Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini (born 9 May 1781, Paris; died 23 April 1832, Paris), a French botanist who specialized in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) (then known as family Compositae). He was the youngest of five children of Jacques Dominique, Comte de Cassini (born 30 June 1748, Paris; died 18 October 1845, Thury), famous for completing the map of France, who had succeeded his father as the director of the Paris Observatory. He was also the great-great-grandson of famous Italian-French astronomer, Giovanni Domenico Cassini (born 8 June 1625, Perinaldo, Republic of Geneva; died 14 September 1712, Paris), discoverer of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot and the Cassini division in Saturn’s rings. In some 65 publications, Henri named numerous new genera and species of the sunflower family, many of them from North America.]

6 [Antoine de Jussieu, see Volume 3, Lesson 10, note 30.]

7 [Pitton de Tournefort, see Volume 2, Lesson 13, note 31.]

8 [Antoine-Tristan Danty d’Isnard (born 12 May 1663, London; died 12 May 1743, Paris), a French botanist who, on the death of Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1708, briefly succeeded him at the Jardin des Plantes, but resigned soon after and was replaced by Antoine de Jussieu. He became deputy botanist at the French Academy of Sciences in 1716, associate chemist in 1721, and associate botanist in 1722. An avid collector, he brought together a great number of plants from the Parisian region, most of which are now conserved in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris.]

9 [“Histoire du café.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1713, pp. 291‑299; the first botanical description of a coffee tree in the west.]

10 [“Recherches d’un spécifique contre la dysenterie, indiqué par les anciens auteurs sous le nom de macer, auquel l’écorce d’un arbre de Cayenne, appelé Simarouba, peut être comparé & substitué.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1729, pp. 42‑53; Simarouba, a genus of trees and shrubs of the family Simaroubaceae, native to the neotropics, discovered by French explorers in 1713; exported to France between 1718 and 1725, the bark was used to treat dysentery.]

11 [“Histoire du cachou.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1720, pp. 340‑346; Catechu, an extract of acacia trees used variously as a food additive, astringent, tannin, and dye. It is extracted from several species of Acacia, but especially Senegalia catechu (Acacia catechu), by boiling the wood in water and evaporating the resulting brew. It has been used since ancient times as an astringent.]

12 [Bernard de Jussieu, see Volume 3, Lesson 10, note 30.]

13 [“Histoire d’une plante, connue par les botanistes sous le nom de Pilularia.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1739, pp. 240‑256; Pilularia globulifera, the pillwort, an unusual species of fern native to western Europe, where it grows at the edges of lakes, ponds, ditches, and marshes, on wet clay or clay-sand soil, sometimes in water up to 30 cm (12 in) deep.]

14 [“Histoire du Lemna.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1740, pp. 263‑275; Lemna, a genus of free-floating aquatic plants from the duckweed family, currently containing 14 species. Rapidly growing plants, they have found uses as model systems for studies in community ecology, basic plant biology, ecotoxicology, and production of biopharmaceuticals, and as a source of animal feeds for agriculture and aquaculture.]

15 [“Observations sur les fleurs de Plantago palustris gramineo foiol monanthos parisiensis.” Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, 1742, pp. 121‑138; Littorella lacustris, now considered a junior synonym of Littorella uniflora, the shoreweed, an inconspicuous aquatic plant that grows wild on lakeshores of Europe and North and South America and commonly used in terrariums, aquariums, and garden ponds. It is part of a small group of angiosperms commonly called plantains or fleaworts; the common name plantain is shared with the unrelated cooking plantain, a kind of banana.]

16 [Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu, see Volume 3, Lesson 10, note 30.]

17 [Joseph de Jussieu (born 3 September 1704, Lyon; died 11 April 1779, Paris), a French botanist and explorer, brother of Bernard and Antoine de Jussieu, who introduced the common garden heliotrope (Heliotropium arborescens) to European gardeners.]

18 [Pier Antonio Micheli (born 11 December 1679, Florence; died 1 January 1737, Florence), a noted Italian botanist, professor of botany in Pisa, curator of the Orto Botanico di Firenze, also known as the Giardino dei Semplici, the “Garden of simples,” now maintained by the University of Florence. A leading authority on cryptogams, he is best remembered for his discovery of the spores of mushrooms and for naming several important genera of microfungi, including Aspergillus and Botrytis. He observed that when spores were placed on slices of melon the same type of fungi were produced that the spores came from, and from this observation he noted that fungi did not arise from spontaneous generation. He also formulated a systematic classification system, with keys to genera and species]

19 [Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita. Florence: Typis Bernardi Paperinii, 1729, [22] + 234 p., 108 pls, in-folio; containing descriptions of 1,900 plants, of which about 1,400 were described for the first time.]

20 [Albrecht von Haller, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 16.]

21 [Pitton de Tournefort, see Volume 2, Lesson 13, note 31.]

22 [Johann Jacob Dillenius, see Chapter 5, note 27.]

23 [Eltham Palace and Gardens, see Chapter 7, note 14.]

24 [Hortus Elthamensis, see Chapter 5, note 28.]

25 [“De plantarum propagatione dissertatio epistolaris altera, qua prioris asserta ulterius explicantur et figuris novis illustrantur.” Academiae Caesareo-Leopoldinae Naturae Curiosorum Ephemerides, sive Observationum medico-physicarum a celeberrimis viris tum medicis, tum aliis eruditis in Germania et extra eam communicatarum, Centuria V-VI, 1717, pp. 69‑95, in which Dillenius erroneously suggested that the sporangia of ferns and the capsules of mosses and liveworts correspond to the anthers of phanerograms as male organs, and their spores to the pollen-grains as male cells; and, further, that as he could not find any definite female organs, the spores in some way fertilize the roots of the ferns and the leaves of the mosses.]

26 [Catalogus plantarum sponte circa Gissam nascentium, cum appendice, qua plantae post editum catalogum, circa & extra Gissam observatae recensentur, specierum novarum vel dubiarum descriptiones traduntur, genera plantarum nova figuris aeneis illustrata describuntur. Frankfurt am Main: Johann Maximilian à Sande, 1718, [18] + 240 + [34] p.]

27 [Catalogus plantarum sponte circa Gissam nascentium, 1719, a second edition, with a new title page, an appendix, and plates, proposing a new classification of mosses, lichen, and algae; see Chapter 5, note 61.]

28 [Historia muscorum in qua circiter sexcentae species veteres et novae ad sua genera relatae describuntur et iconibus genuinis illustrantur. Oxford: Theatro Sheldoniano, 1741, xvi + 576 p., 85 pls; an abbreviated English edition was published in 1768: Historia Muscorum: A General History of Land and Water, &c., mosses and corals, containing all known species, exhibited by about 1000 figures, on 85 large Royal 4to copper plates, collected, drawn and engraved in the best manner from the originals. London: J. Millan, 1768, 13 + 10 + 9 p., 85 pls, in-quarto.]

29 [See note 25, above.]

30 [Johann Hedwig (born 8 December 1730, Brașov, Principality of Transylvania; died 18 February 1799), a German botanist notable for his studies of mosses. Sometimes called the “father of bryology,” he is best remembered for his observations of sexual reproduction in the cryptogams. His chief work, Species muscorum frondosorum, descriptae et tabulis aeneis LXXVII coloratis illustratae (Leipzig: Joannis Ambrosii Barthii, 1801, vi + 352 p., 77 pls, in-quarto), published posthumously in 1801, describes nearly all the moss species then known, and is the starting point for nomenclature of all mosses, except for the Sphagnum group.]

31 [Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, see Volume 3, Lesson 4, note 23.]

32 [Giulio Pontedera, see Chapter 8, note 40.]

33 [Agrostographia, sive Graminum, juncorum, cyperorum, cyperoidum, iisque affinium historia. Zürich: Typis & sumptibus Bodmerianis, 1719, [xxxviii] + 512 + [24] p., 8 pls.]

34 [Giuseppe Monti (born 27 November 1682, Bologna; died 29 February 1760), an Italian chemist and botanist, professor of botany and, from 1722‑1760, director of the Bologna Botanical Garden. Considered one of the great botanists of the period, his works were a major source for Carl Linnaeus. The plant genus Montia is named in his honour. He discovered a fossil jawbone in the Alps and used it as support for the Biblical flood; both he and his son, Gaetano Lorenzo Monti (1712‑1797), also a botanist who continued work at the same botanical garden, were among the last defenders of diluvialism among the naturalists of the period.

35 [Catalogi stirpium agri Bononiensis prodromus gramina ac hujusmodi affinia complectens: in quo ipsorum aetymologiae, notae characteristicae, peculiares usus medici, synonyma selectiora summatim exhibentur; ac insuper propriis observationibus, exoticisque graminibus, eadem disperse locupletantur. Bologna: Constantin Pisarri, 1719, [4] + v + [17] + 66 + [8] p., 3 pls, in-octavo.]