Table des matières

Thanks

Valérie Verdier et Bruno David

Preface

Catherine Aubertin, Anne Nivart et Jean-Louis Pham

General Introduction

• ABS – Access and Benefit-Sharing
• A simple mechanism which has proved hard to implement
• Beyond the Nagoya Protocol…

Part 1: Biological Resources: Circulation and Collection

Introduction

Jean-Louis Pham

Chapter 1. Genetic Resources

From Domestication to Biological Resource Centres

• Introduction
• Origin of domestic biodiversity
• From biological diversity to genetic resources
• The major collections of agronomic resources
• A treaty specific to plant genetic resources
• Biological Resource Centres (BRCs)
• BRCs and ABS
• References

Jacques Cuisin et Anne Nivart

Chapter 2. Ex situ natural history collections

A potential renewed by scientific advancements

• Why assemble ex situ collections?
• The world in a display case
• Birth of the museum
• Spreading knowledge
• Interactions and pathways central to practices and discoveries 
• Naturalist travellers
• Museums and exhibitions, tools of colonialism
• Collections in the wake of the scientific revolutions
• From collection to exploitation 
• C¹⁴ dating 
• The DNA revolution 
• Collections: a source of renewed knowledge
• Conclusion
• References

Part 2: The Machinery of the Nagoya Protocol

Introduction

Catherine Aubertin

Chapter 3. What is the background of the Nagoya Protocol?

The assumptions of the Convention on Biological Diversity

• The CBD: a search for consensus to act
• The rapid rise of biotechnology and the appropriation of nature
• The biotechnology revolution
• The patentability of the living world
• Affirmation of biocultural diversity
• Ethnosciences and codes of ethics
• Relevant knowledge
• Knowledge and political rights
• A distribution of rights for a market-based solution
• A binding Protocol under the CBD
• Conclusion: a cumbersome initial framework
• References

Catherine Aubertin

Focus 1. The Nagoya Protocol and the ABS mechanism

Anthony Herrel

Chapter 4. The Nagoya Protocol: experience and feedback from a researcher

• Many questions surrounding the Protocol
• Procedures in place before the Nagoya Protocol
• Research and collecting permits
• Ethics clearance
• Material Transfer Agreement
• Export and import permits including CITES
• Changes induced by the Nagoya Protocol
• References

Loïc Peyen

Chapter 5. Biopiracy, the law and values

On the ideological basis for resource sharing

• Defining biopiracy
• Definitional problems
• Proposed definition
• Understanding biopiracy
• Utilitarianism
• Solidarism
• Egalitarianism
• Conclusion
• References

Anne Etienney-de Sainte Marie

Chapter 6. Temporal aspects of benefit sharing

Limitations of the contractual tool

• The conclusion of the contract
• Objective time and subjective time
• PIC and MAT: what is the chronology?
• The content of the contract
• Defining future utilisation
• Defining benefit sharing
• Conclusion 

Philippe Karpe

Focus 2. PIC: a tool for empowering indigenous peoples

Part 3: Rethinking indigenous rights

Introduction

Catherine Aubertin

Focus 3. Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol in France

• The ABS system established in the French Law on Biodiversity
• The Communautés d’habitants
• Some specificities
• European regulations for compliance with the Nagoya Protocol

Nadia Belaïdi

Chapter 7. Managing cultural diversity to manage biological diversity

Ingenous rights and State sovereignty over biodiversity

• “Indigenous people,” a strategic categorisation
• Indigenous peoples: “cultural groups”
• The rights of indigenous peoples: individual rights to be claimed
• “Communauté d’habitants” and biological diversity
• Deciding who is indigenous…
• … to define what constitutes the “commons”
• Addressing otherness in law
• References

Philippe Karpe, Sigrid Aubert et Alexis Tiouka

Chapter 8. Doing away with “indigenous” as a category in common law

In favour of a new vision of law: “round law”

• Indigenous peoples and the law: the need for decolonisation
• The concept of “communautés d’habitants”, constraints and opportunities
• The legal status of indigenous peoples in France
• French biodiversity law
• Progress and restrictions
• The concept of “round law”
• References

Alexia Mandaoue

Chapter 9. The protection of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in New Caledonia

• Specificities of the Caledonian context
• Historical context
• The institutional context
• How is traditional knowledge regulated in New Caledonia?
• The notion of traditional knowledge in New Caledonia
• Attempts at regulation

Laure Emperaire

Chapter 10. Each to his own biodiversity and knowledge

Local knowledge and global legal instruments

• Introduction
• To each instrument its own understanding of biodiversity and knowledge
• Gradients or categories?
• The diversity of cultivated plants, knowledge and local norms in the Brazilian Amazon
• Access to traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity in Brazil
• North-west Amazonia, an epicentre of agrobiodiversity
• Managing plants and producing biological diversity
• Agrobiological diversity and local standards
• Diversity and social media
• Ideals in action
• References

Guillaume Odonne et Damien Davy

Chapter 11. From “associated traditional knowledge” to the notion of biocultural heritage

• Introduction
• Who owns traditional knowledge?
• The difficult task of defining a communauté d’habitants
• What about individuality? The status of knowledge
• Collectives with variable contours
• Content and contours of knowledge
• The nature of the objects in question
• Temporality
• Transversality of knowledge and practices
• The eternal difficulty of observing change
• Resituating the notion of biocultural heritage
• Conclusion
• References

Tiffanie Hariwanari

Chapter 12. Grand Customary Council of Amerindian and Bushinenge Populations

A new dialogue in French Guiana

Raphaëlle Rinaldo

Chapter 13. Sharing lessons learned from the establishment of an ABS mechanism (French Guiana Amazonian Park)

• Creation of the French Guiana Amazonian Park
• Communities and ABS in the creation of the Park
• ABS experimentation in the Guiana Amazonian Park (2007-2018)
• 2007-2011: procedures not yet formalised
• 2011-2012: formalised procedures
• 2012-2017: ABS structure, synergy and powerplay
• Lessons and questions
• The CTG-PAG-scientists triumvirate: from ABS appropriation to the acquisition of a common language
• Multiple questions
• Common procedures
• Considerable tension over access, not so much over benefit-sharing
• A missed opportunity to introduce community-focused protocols
• Questions of legitimacy…
• In terms of the representation of communities
• In the attitude of the scientific community
• The peculiar position of the CTG
• Recording traditional knowledge: who and why?
• A Law on Biodiversity perceived as an abandonment
• Conclusion
• References

Ana Euler

Chapter 14. Community protocols in Brazil

An instrument for the protection of indigenous peoples and traditional communities

• The regulatory framework
• Consultation protocols
• Protocols strengthening communities
• Going beyond the question of genetic resources

Part 4: Spillover and Tensions

Introduction

Anne Nivart et Claire Chastanier

Chapter 15. The Nagoya Protocol, a future template for the restitution of cultural property?

• Has the museum model run its course?
• Towards a convergence of the international regulations
• A future equivalent of the Nagoya Protocol for cultural property?
• Traceability and due diligence
• The emergence of demands for restitution
• Conclusion
• References

Catherine Aubertin et Jean-Louis Pham

Chapter 16. ABS and the digitisation of the living world

• Carry on regardless
• DSI (Digital Sequence Information)
• What is it?
• Historical note
• Spirited discussions
• Agreeing on the terminology
• Resolving technical issues
• Options up for debate
• The horse-trading continues
• References

Catherine Aubertin et Jean-Louis Pham

Conclusion

List of acronyms

List of Boxes

About the Authors