Glossary
Texte intégral
| adilla (s. dalīl) | evidence |
| adillat al‑thubūt | evidence which has been adduced from other evidence |
| ʿafū riʾāsī | presidential pardon that would lessen the punishment of the convict |
| ahl | relatives |
| aḥwāl shakhṣiyya | a modern term for personal status matters such as marriage, divorce, alimony, and inheritance |
| ʿamd | first‑degree murder, premeditated killing, which could lead to the death penalty or permanent incarceration |
| ʿashāyir (s. ʿashīra) | clans and tribal fractions |
| ʿashwāʾiyyāt; manāṭiq al‑mukhālafāt al‑jamāʿiyya | illegitimate and unregulated neighborhoods in a city (e.g. Aleppo and Damascus) |
| aṣl | origin; substance |
| aʿtarif | I confess |
| ʿayn | tangible object |
| al‑bāʿith fi‑l‑qatl | what caused the killing |
| bāṭin | hidden cause (of crime) which cannot be easily detected objectively as in an overt cause |
| bayyina | evidence |
| bidāya | first‑instance court; a system of secular courts that became prominent during the second Ottoman Tanẓīmāt |
| bint ʿamm | maternal cousin |
| dāfiʿ | motive |
| dāfiʿ sharīf | honorable motive; a term usually applied for an honor killing |
| dalīl (pl. adilla) | evidence |
| dalīl mādī | tangible evidence |
| diya | blood money to be paid by the family of the offender to that of the victim in lieu of a peaceful settlement |
| gharīm | foe, opponent, debtor |
| faḥshāʾ | adultery, fornication, whoredom |
| faqīh (pl. fuqahāʾ) | jurist of Islamic law |
| farāʾiḍ | the branch in the Ḥanafī fiqh that deals with matters of marriage, divorce, alimony, and inheritance, referred to in modern civil codes as “personal status” matters |
| fiʿl munāfi li‑l‑ḥishma | an act that is contrary to decency |
| fiqh | Islamic jurisprudence |
| firʿ | “lineage”; if the killer was a “branch (firʿ)” to the victim, due to the kin relationship, for example, mother‑daughter, the court may opt for the death penalty |
| ghaṣb | usurpation |
| Gülhane edict | Ottoman edict that inaugurated the Tanẓīmāt in 1839 |
| ḥaqq | right |
| ḥukm | verdict; ruling |
| ibn ʿamm | paternal cousin |
| iʿdām | death penalty |
| ightiṣāb | rape is defined as threatening or forcing someone other than the legal spouse into coitus (art. 489). |
| iltizām | Ottoman tax‑farming system |
| iqrār | acknowledgment |
| iqrār qaḍāʾī | legal acknowledgment |
| irāda | volition; will |
| ʿirḍ | honor |
| istidlāl | good reasoning based on logic |
| iʿtirāf | confession |
| iʿtirāf ḍimnī | an implicit confession |
| jamāᶜ; mujāmaᶜa | coitus; copulation; sexual intercourse which could be legal among spouses or illegal, in particular if rape is forced (art. 489) |
| jamāʿa | group of people |
| jamʿiyya sakaniyya | housing cooperative |
| jamʿiyya taʿāwuniyya | cooperative, co‑op |
| jarīma | crime |
| jarīma maqṣūda | intended crime; manslaughter |
| jināyat | crime |
| Jināyāt; Jināʾiyyāt | department of crime at the Palace of Justice |
| junḥa | misdemeanor |
| al‑junḥa al‑mashhūda | the misdemeanor which has been witnessed |
| jurm iqtiṣādī | economic crime |
| madhāhib (s. madhhab) | Islamic law schools of the fiqh |
| maḥkama | court; tribunal |
| maḥkamat al‑Naqḍ | Cassation Court, Damascus, known as tamyīz in some Arab countries such as Lebanon |
| maḥkamat al‑ṣulḥ | peace tribunal managed by a peace judge, the lowest in the hierarchy of tribunals in civil‑law systems |
| mahr | dowry |
| al‑maghdūr (f. al‑maghdūra) | the betrayed; common term for a crime victim |
| maḥḍar istijwāb | interrogation memo |
| Majalla; Majalle | Ottoman civil law system, based on the Ḥanafī fiqh, instituted in 1877 |
| māl | res in commercio; exchangeable commodity; money in contemporary usage |
| al‑masʾūliyya al‑maʿnawiyya | moral responsibility (e.g. for a crime) |
| milk; mulk; mülk | private property |
| mina al‑warīd ila al‑warīd | from one vein to another; a common designation for an honor killing against a woman |
| mīrī; miri; arāḍī amīriyya | in the Ottoman centuries, land stood for state‑owned (mostly) agrarian lands which were allocated to individuals or families as prebends; in Syria today, mīrī is a property whose inheritance rules would not abide by the sharīʿa, hence men and women would inherit in full equality |
| muddaʿi shakhṣī | individual plaintiff who acts in parallel (and independently) to the complaint instigated by the public prosecution office |
| muḥāfaẓa | the province as an administrative unit (e.g. Aleppo, Idlib) |
| muḥarriḍ | instigator; an instigator (muḥarriḍ) is someone who pushes or attempts to push someone else to commit a crime (art. 216). |
| muʾakhkhar | late dowry; to be paid to the wife in case the husband divorces or dies |
| muḥāmi | lawyer; counsel |
| al‑muḥāmi al‑ʿāmm al‑awwal | the advocate general |
| mukhtall | unbalanced; insane; retarded |
| muqaddam | premium dowry |
| niyāba ʿāmma | public prosecution office, district attorney, DA |
| niyya | intention, motive |
| al‑niyya hiya mina al‑umūr al‑bāṭiniyya | intention is an internal hidden matter |
| niyyat qatl | intention to kill |
| qāḍī | judge |
| qāḍī al‑iḥāla | referral judge; the judge who hands over the case to the Jināyāt upon a preliminary firsthand synthesis |
| qāḍī al‑ṣulḥ | peace judge, replicated along the French model of juge de paix |
| qāḍī al‑taḥqīq | investigating judge, juge d’instruction |
| qānūn | law |
| qānūn madanī | civil law |
| qānūn al‑ʿuqūbāt | penal law |
| qānūnnāme | Ottoman regional codes, whose authority stood in parallel to sharīʿa Ḥanafī law (the fiqh) |
| qarār | decision |
| qaṣd | manslaughter, non‑premeditated killing; a lesser charge than the ʿamd |
| al‑qaṣd al‑ijrāmī | the purpose of the criminal act |
| Qaṣr al‑ʿadl | Palace of Justice |
| qatl bi‑dāfiʿ sharīf | killing for an honorable purpose; the labeling of the Jināyāt for an honor killing that would not be classified as premeditated |
| rujūʿ ʿan iʿtirāf | the denial of a confession |
| sabab (pl. asbāb) | cause |
| shakhṣ iʿtibārī | legal person, juristic person, body corporate |
| sharḥ al‑daʿwa | explication of the lawsuit; action taken by the public prosecution office (DA) during the hearing proceedings which consists at presenting the lawsuit to the court |
| sharaf | honor |
| sharīk | partner (in the crime) |
| sifāḥ | adultery and fornication |
| taʿāwuniyya | cooperative, co‑op |
| tabādul | exchange |
| tabrīr | justification |
| taḥrīḍ | instigation (for a murder) |
| ṭā’ifa (pl. ṭawāʾif/ ṭawāyif) | a religious–confessional–sectarian milieu; the old Ottoman millet system with its connotations of political autonomy |
| tajassus | spying |
| al‑takhalli ʿan al‑daʿwa | dropping (abandoning) a case; or when a case would not fit the common juridical denominators to be handled by a Jināyāt court, hence it must abandoned |
| tamyīz | appellate court; a system originally instituted by the Ottoman Tanẓīmāt, based on the Napoleonic civil court system of 1810, and which was implemented in Greater Syria in the 1870s |
| ṭaʿn; ṭaʿana | appeal of a court’s verdict, which would normally lead to the transfer of the case from the local Jināyāt court to the upper Damascus Naqḍ |
| Tanẓīmāt (s. tanẓīm) | Ottoman reforms of 1839 and 1856 |
| ʿunṣur al‑jarīma al‑maʿnawī | the moral element in crime |
| ʿuqūbāt (s. ʿuqūba) | punishments |
| ʿuqūbat al‑iʿdām | death penalty |
| walīdat al‑sāʿa | a crime that was the outcome of its moment, that is, was not premeditated, ʿamd |
| waqf (pl. awqāf) | Islamic mortmain properties, blocked as endowments from circulation and free exchange |
| ẓāhir | the external and objective causes (of a crime) |
| ẓanīn | suspect |
| zinā | adultery and fornication |
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Licence OpenEdition Books. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
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