Table des matières
B.R. Ramesh et Rajan Gurukkal
PrefaceJ.C. Kala
ForewordB.R. Ramesh et Rajan Gurukkal
Introduction: Drawing the ContoursPart I. Approaching The Landscape
Gérard Bourgeon, Danny Lo Seen et B.R. Ramesh
1. Identification and Mapping Landscape Units of KeralaPart II. Analysing The Landscape: The Anamalai Region (Nelliyampathi Hills)
B.R. Ramesh, Pierre Couteron, Gérard Bourgeon et al.
2. Physical and Bioclimatic Features of the Selected Landscape UnitsB.R. Ramesh, P.V. Karunakaran, Pierre Couteron et al.
3. Forest Types and Status: Ecological Characteristics and Impact of Disturbance- Materials and methods
- Criteria and terms used for classification
- Phenology
- Physiognomy
- Floristic types
- Geographical Information System and satellite image analysis
- Land cover and land use map
- Forest types in relation to bioclimate
- Primary evergreen forests and degradation stages
- Primary evergreen forests (dense to disturbed)
- Low elevation type (<700 m)
- Medium elevation type (700-1500 m)
- Dry fringe evergreen forests
- Secondary or degraded stages
- Highly disturbed forest to secondary evergreen and semi evergreen forest
- Secondary moist deciduous forests (dense forests, woodland to bamboo woodland)
- Primary moist deciduous forests and degradation stages
- Other degraded and natural formations
- Bamboo
- Reeds
- Swamps (vayal)
- Grassland
- Trees savannas / thickets / clearings / fallows / rocky outcrops
- Land use categories
- Forest plantations
- Commercial plantation
- Settlements / home gardens
- Overall status of forests and fragmentation of evergreen forests
- Conclusion
P.V. Karunakaran, Pierre Couteron, B.R. Ramesh et al.
4. Stand and Floristic Structural Variability of Natural Vegetation- Methods
- Sampling design
- Statistical analysis of stand and floristic structure:
- Results
- Stand structure
- Plant diversity and endemism
- Definition of vegetation types in relation to stand and floristic structure
- Characterization and analysis of vegetation groups obtained from PCA
- Ecological characterization and spatial distribution of the vegetation groups obtained from the PCA.
- Conclusion
M. Balasubramanian, Pierre Couteron et P.V. Karunakaran
5. Richness of Vertebrates and Spatial Features of Selected Large Mammals and Arboreal Fauna- Overall richness of vertebrate fauna and their status
- Density and distribution of selected fauna
- Methods
- Field estimation of species density
- Analysis of transect data
- Results
- Ungulates
- Elephant (Elephas maximus)
- Gaur (Bos gaurus)
- Sambar (Cervus unicolor)
- Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)
- Predators
- Tiger (Panthera tigris)
- Leopard (Panthera pardus)
- Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus)
- Arboreal species
- Nilgiri langur (Trachypithecus johnii)
- Lion tailed macaque (Macaca silenus)
- Malabar giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)
- Great Indian hornbill (Buceros bicornis)
- Comparison of geographical distributions of selected species
- Conclusion
M. Amruth et Rajan Gurukkal
6. Spatiality of Subsistence and the Human Ecology of Landscape: Towards Self-Regulatory Forest Communities- The human ecological approach
- The basic unit of the human ecological study
- Forest dwelling communities
- Muthuvan
- Livelihood
- Social change and development
- Kadar
- Livlihood
- Social transformation
- Malayan
- Malasar and Malamalasar
- Mannan
- Malayarayan
- Towards a functional typology of forest dwelling communities for PFM
- Understanding the social dynamics in the forest fringes
- Development of forest fringe habitations
- Land use change along the fringes
- Settler habitations along the forest fringe
- Settler habitations in Malayattoor forest division
- Anakkulam
- Pooyamkutty Pinavoor, Kuttampuzha, Vadattupara region
- Asammannoor, Koovappady, Pindimana, Keerampara region
- Fringe area population in the Chalakudy and Vazhachal divisions
- Fringe area population in the Nelliyampathi
- Social reproduction of forest dependency in forest margins
- Human ecological issues
- Socio-ecological crisis
- Low social capital
- Strategies for constituting self-regulatory forest communities
- The strategy of social preparation
- Praxis strategy
- Conclusion: human ecological insights in to forging new institutional practices
M. Amruth, Rajan Gurukkal et P.V. Karunakaran
7. Resources in the Forest Landscape: Availability, Utilisation and Sustainability- Approach
- Resource potential of different vegetations
- NWFP extraction: agency, economics and sustainability
- Experiments in NWFP-administration
- NWFP administration: constraints and inadequacy
- Formal and informal markets of NWFPs
- Formal market of NWFP
- Quantity and price of NWFP
- Seasonality
- Informal market of the NWFP
- Biology, harvesting practices and sustainability
- Restocking of NWFP resources in the landscape
- Reed extraction: agency, economics and sustainability
- Kerala State Bamboo Corporation
- Reed extraction
- Hindustan Newsprints Limited
- Conclusion
Part III. Towards a Paradigm Shift: Rethinking Strategies of Landscape Management
M. Amruth, P.V. Karunakaran, M. Balasubramanian et al.
8. Imperatives of Change: Reflections on the Current Practices and Policies of Forest Management- Review of infrastructures and activities
- Administrative units and tools
- Infrastructure and equipments
- Human resource
- Management interventions or activities
- Forest offences
- Human-wildlife conflict
- Tourism
- Participatory forest management
- Review of forest policies
- Early attempts of state control over forests
- Forest acts of 1865 and 1878
- Forest policy of 1894
- Indian forest act of 1927
- The 1952 forest policy
- The period of change
- Advent of conservation
- National forest policy of 1988
- The emergence of participation: The new institutions of forest management
- Conclusion
B.R. Ramesh, P.V. Karunakaran, M. Amruth et al.
9. Strategies and Actions-I: Accounting for ValuesP.V. Karunakaran, M. Balasubrahmanian, M. Amruth et al.
10. Strategies and Actions-II: Dealing with the Constraints- Threat scape analysis
- Strategies and actions for mitigating the threats
- Fire
- Illicit activities
- Cattle grazing
- Poaching
- Ganja cultivation
- Tree felling
- Sand mining
- Illicit distillation
- Sandalwood smuggling
- Fishing
- Firewood collection
- Illegal collection of NWFP
- Collection of poles
- Encroachments
- Human-wildlife conflict
- Mass tourism and pilgrimage
- Invasive species
- Diversion of forestland for non-forestry purposes
- Diversion for river valley projects
- Diversion for commercial plantations
- Case of lease lands in Nelliyampathi
- Road development
- Restoration zone
- Conclusion
Rajan Gurukkal, B.R. Ramesh, M. Amruth et al.
11. Competing Claims and Multiple Stakes: Institutions for Integrating Stakeholder Interests in Forest Management- Approach
- Classification of stakeholders
- Property rights and the stakeholders
- Local communities
- Adivasi communities
- Fringe area non-adivasi, settler population
- Plantation labour population
- Institutionalisation of forest users
- PFM institutions
- The departmental re-orienting
- Governmental agencies
- State electricity boards and public works department
- Panchayati raj institutions and department of tribal welfare
- Some specific measures for effecting attitudinal change in KFD
- Scheduled tribe service cooperatives
- Corporations
- Industrial agencies
- Teaching and research institutions
- Seasonal visitors
- Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs)
- Stakeholder management
- Conclusion
Rajan Gurukkal et B.R. Ramesh
PostscriptTowards Scientific Landscape Management and Self-Regulatory Forest Community Development
