Authors and experts
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Texte intégral
1Claude Alabouvette
2A specialist of telluric plant diseases, Claude Alabouvette has a Doctorate from the University of Nancy (France). He is a Directeur de Recherche at the Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (Dijon, France), where from 1988 to 2000, he directed research programs on “Pathogenic Flora in Soils” and “Flora and Fauna in Soils”. This work on disease resistant soils inspired his interest in the complex interactions between microorganisms in soils and the rhizosphere of plants and the abiotic characteristics of soils. He conducted research on the microbial competitors capable of substituting themselves for synthetic molecules for the control of cryptogrammic plant diseases. He held the position of General Secretary of the International Organization for Biological Control and the commission of alternative control methods of the Association Française de Protection des Plantes. He participated in the coordination of several European research projects and the actions of the “Regulation of Biological Control Agents” (REBECA). He also participated on two expert committees of the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des aliments. As a member of the international Lascaux Cave Scientific Committee, he is the coordinator of the “Microbiology- Microclimate” project whose task is to identify the relationships between the parameters of the microclimate on the surface of the cave wall and the fungal contaminations. Microbiologiste spécialisé dans la biodétéroration et son contrôle dans le domaine de la conservation des biens culturels,
3Hideo Arai
4A microbiologist specialized in biodeterioration and its monitoring for the conservation for cultural sites, Hideo Arai has been an Emeritus Researcher at the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties [Bunkazai Kenkyū-jo] (Tokyo, Japan) since 1993. He holds a B.Sc. from the Science University of Tokyo, and a Doctorate from the University of Tsukuba (1990). After working as a researcher in the Laboratory of Taxonomy and Preservation of Microorganisms of the Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo, he was then the director of the Biology Research Section, Department of Conservation Science of the National Research Institute of Cultural Properties for fourteen years. He then directed this department from 1992 to 1993. He was awarded some of the highest distinctions from the Cultural Services Award for his contribution to science research in his country. Among his numerus publications: Foxing Caused by Fungi: Twenty-Five Years of Study (International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, vol. 46, n° 3, 2000) and Relationship Between Microorganisms and Blackening Effects Found in Lacquered Wooden Buildings (Science for Conservation, vol. 30, 1991).
5Pablo Arias
6Pablo Arias is Professor of Prehistory at the University of Cantabria (Spain). His main lines of research are the transition to the Neolithic in Atlantic Europe and the Late Glacial and Holocene hunter-gatherers of temperate areas of Europe and South America. He is particularly interested in ritual and symbolism among the late hunter-gatherers. He has been director of many archaeological research programs in Spain, Portugal and Argentina. Since 1996 he is coordinating a large interdisciplinary research project at the Upper Palaeolithic key settlement and rock art site of La Garma (Cantabria). He has published more than one hundred papers, many of them in international journals. He is the author or editor of (among others) the books La Garma: Un Descenso al Pasado (Santander: Gobierno de Cantabria, Consejería de Cultura, Turismo y Deporte, 1999), El Neolítico (Madrid: Arlanza, 2000) and La Materia del Lenguaje Prehistórico: El Arte Mueble Paleolítico de Cantabria en Su Contexto (Santander: Gobierno de Cantabria, Consejería de Cultura, Turismo y Deporte, 2004).
7Fabiola Bastian
8Since 2006, Fabiola Bastian has been an Engineer at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (Inra; Dijon, France) in the Soil and Environment Microbioloby team. She is a specialist of molecular biology and microbiology. She holds a Doctorate in Biological Sciences from the National University of Rio Cuarto in Argentina (2000). After working in the leading laboratories of Argentina and Japan, she began her postdoctoral career at the Institut Jacques Monod in Paris, where she studied the physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of the antioxidants in plants and microorganisms (2001-2003). She then joined the Laboratory of Vegetal Biology and Microbiology of the University of Nice – Sophia Antipolis (France), where she focused her work on the determination of the catalase content in Shinorhizobium meliloti. Fabiola Bastian currently works with the INRA of Dijon in collaboration with the French Ministry of Culture on projects concerning the microbial ecology and the general ecology of Lascaux Cave, including the characterization of fungal populations and the identification of the interactive mechanisms responsible for the dynamics of the black stains that have altered the paintings. These works realized in the framework of the Lascaux Cave project have resulted in several international publications and one publication destined for the general public.
9Robert G. Bednarik
10Having been Convener and Editor of the International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (Melbourne, Australia) since 1988, Robert G. Bednarik has also been Secretary and Editor of the Australian Rock Art Research Association since 1983. Specializing in the study of cave art in Europe and Australia, as well as conservation, preservation and management of rock art globally, he has developed many analytical methods of rock art research, such as in dating and forensic science studies, and has researched pre‑Upper Palaeolithic palaeoart of Eurasia, Africa and Australia. His principal interests encompass the cognition and technology of hominins (e.g. Pleistocene seafaring); origins of anatomically and cognitively modern humans; and the epistemology of archaeological interpretation. Robert G. Bednarik has produced 1 130 scientific publications in 32 languages, including several books, and conducted research in all continents except Antarctica. He is the Editor of Rock Art Research, the premier refereed journal in the field, and other academic journals and monograph series, and the author of the academic textbook Rock Art Science (New-Delhi: Aryan Books International), last reprinted in 2007.
11Mounir Bouchenaki
12Elected in November 2005 as Director-General of the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM; Rome, Italy), Mounir Bouchenaki holds a postgraduate degree in History from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Algiers (Algeria, 1967) and a Doctorate in Archaeology and Ancient History from the Faculty of Letters of the University of Aix-en-Provence (France, 1973). From 1975 to 1981, he worked as Deputy-Director and subsequently Director of the Department of Fine Arts, Monuments and Sites at the Ministry of Information and Culture in Algiers. Mr. Bouchenaki joined UNESCO in 1982 as Program Specialist in the Division of Cultural Heritage of the Culture Sector. He was promoted Head of the Operations and Training Section in 1985, before being appointed Director of the Division in 1992. He concurrently ensured the interim of the Director of the World Heritage Center (1999-2000) and was Assistant-Director for Culture (2000-2005). He supervised and coordinated several projects in Asia (Vietnam, Nepal, China), Latin America (Equador, Easter Island) and Africa (Zimbabwe, Ethiopia), as well as coordinating the reconstruction of Mostar bridge in Bosnia- Herzegovina. Mounir Bouchenaki is the author of several books and articles on archaeological research and the protection of cultural heritage.
13Faisl Bousta
14A specialist of biological modifications to cultural heritage, Faisl Bousta has a Doctorate in Microbiology (1998; University of Nancy 1, France); the subject of his thesis was the development of techniques to protect wood from fungal attacks. Since 1999, he has been a member of the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (LRMH) of the French Ministry of Culture and Communication at Champs-sur-Marne. In the Microbiology Department of the LRMH, he is conducting research on the identification of microorganisms that develop on various objects of cultural heritage, while providing expertise and scientific and technical counseling in the domain of conservation and restoration in national and international contexts (at the site of Voskopojë in Albania and the National Park of Serra da Capivara in Brazil, for example). He teaches his specialty at the Ministry of Culture in the Institut National du Patrimoine, at the University of Paris 1 – Panthéon- Sorbonne, as well as in that of Cergy-Pontoise. He participated in a European training program on stone working professions for the Compagnons du Devoir. He is also active in several university research projects and in a national program for the early detection of biological and chemical contaminants applied to graphic heritage. He is a member of the “Microbiology-Microclimate” program of Lascaux Cave. He is co-author of several scientific papers in national and international journals.
15Jacques Brunet
16A specialist in the conservation of prehistoric art, Jacques Brunet is an Honorary Ingénieur de Recherche in the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques of the Ministry of Culture and Communication (Champs-sur-Marne, France). In the “Decorated Caves” team of this laboratory, which he directed from 1974 to 2006, he now performs expertises, studying, for example, the problems suffered by the rock shelters of Tassili N’Ajjer (Algeria) for UNESCO, the cave of Kapova (Russia), the open-air sites of Val Coà (Portugal), the hypogeum of Hal Saflieni (Malta) and the Mayan pyramids in Yucatán (Mexico). In France, he participated in the collection and publication of scientific data on Lascaux, Font de Gaume, Combarelles, Pech Merle, Gargas, Niaux, Baume Latrone, Tête du Lion, Cosquer, etc. He has taught his specialty in collaboration with the Getty Conservation Institute in Val Torta in Spain (1987), at the University of Canberra in Australia (1988-1989) and at the University of Piaui in Brazil (2002). He was coordinator of the “Rock Art” work group of the International Council of Museums (ICOM; Paris) from 1990 to 1996. He was also a member of the High Commission of Historic Monuments of the French Ministry of Culture from 1988 to 2006.
17Juan Carlos Cañaveras
18Juan Carlos Cañaveras has a Doctorate in Geological Sciences from the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain; 1994). He has worked in the Department of Geology of the National Museum of Natural Sciences of Madrid/CSIC; and from 1997 in the Department of Earth Sciences and the Environment of the University of Alicante (UA). He is currently Professor of Petrology and Geochemistry in this university and Vice- Dean of Geology of the Faculty of Sciences. Since 2004, he has been Director of the Applied Petrology Research Group of the Comunitat Valenciana and the main researcher for the Associate Unit CSIC-UA: the Laboratory of Applied Petrology. In the field of the geoarchaeology and cultural heritage conservation he has worked mainly in hypogean ambients, in the caves of Altamira (Cantabria), Tito Bustillo, Candamo and El Sidrón (Asturias), the Necropolis of Carmona (Seville) and the Catacombs of Calixto and Domitila (Rome, Italy). He is co-author of more than a thirty of scientific articles in journals belonging to the Science Citation Index.
19Michel Clément
20Michel Clément is a graduate of the Institut d’Études Politiques of Paris and has a graduate degree in Protohistory and Archaeology. He is a Conservateur Général du Patrimoine and was named Director of the Architecture and Heritage Directorate of the French Ministry of Culture and Communication (Paris) in 2003. Before this nomination, he was a Conservateur du Patrimoine at the Direction of Cultural Affairs of the Rhône-Alps Region (1981-1983), Deputy-Director of the Historic Antiquities Department of the Brittany Region (1983-1987), Regional Curator of Archaeology in the Centre Region (1991-1992), Director of the Regional Department of Cultural Affairs of the Limousin Region (1992-1995), the Burgundy Region (1995- 1998), and the Pays-de-la-Loire Region (1998-2001). From May 2001 to January 2003, he was a Delegate for the Development and Territorial Action Department at the Ministry of Culture and Communication.
21Jean Clottes
22Jean Clottes is an Honorary Conservateur Général du Patrimoine for the French Ministry of Culture and Communication and President of the International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (Melbourne, Australia). He has a Doctorate in Human Sciences and Letters. Mr. Clottes was Director of Prehistoric Antiquities of the Region of Midi-Pyrénées from1971 to1991, a member of the General Inspection of Archaeology (1991) and a Scientific Advisor on Prehistoric Art for the Ministry of Culture (1992-1999). He was also President of the International Committeeof Rock Art of the ICOMOS (1991-1999) and is the Honorary President of the Société Préhistorique Française. Since 2006 he has presided the “Rock Art” commission of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. He is a Collection Director at Seuil Editions (Paris) and Editor of the International Newsletter on Rock Art (INORA). He acts as an international expert for ICOMOS and UNESCO. Jean Clottes focused his research on prehistoric art in France and the rest of the world, and in particular, on problems related to its preservation, dating and the study of its archaeological context and its meanings. He is the author of twenty-four books and four hundred articles in French and international journals.
23Margaret Conkey
24Margaret Conkey is currently the Class of 1960 (endowed) Professor of Anthropology at the University of California (Berkeley, USA), where she has taught for twenty-three years. She has served as the Director of the campus-wide Archaeological Research Facility (1994-2007), and is currently the President of the Society for American Archaeology. She is a past President of the Archaeology Division of the American Anthropological Association, and of the AAA’s Association for Feminist Anthropology. She currently serves on the Board of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, CA. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. She previously taught at San Jose State University and at the Binghamton University (New York). She has carried out research in the caves, rock shelters and open-air archaeology of the Ice Age in southwestern Europe for many years, and she currently directs a landscape archaeology and survey project in the French Midi-Pyrénées. Many of her publications address Upper Paleolithic art and aggregation sites, meaning-making in Paleolithic societies, aspects of gender and feminist archaeology, and social archaeology. With Olga Soffer, she was an editor of Beyond Art: Pleistocene Image and Symbol (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
25Noël Coye
26Noël Coye has a Doctorate in Prehistory and is a Conservateur du Patrimoine for the Sub-Directorate of Archaeology / Ministry of Culture and Communication (Paris, France). His work is focused on issues concerning decorated caves and Prehistory. He is thus in charge of the administrative aspects of the sixth division of the National Committee of Historic Monuments, entitled “Classification of decorated caves and work in classified decorated caves”, as well as of the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council, under the responsibility of the Director-General of the Heritage Directorate and presided by Professor Yves Coppens. In 2009, he coordinated the organization of the international symposium “Lascaux and Preservation issues in Subterranean Environments”, in collaboration with the Centre National de Préhistoire (Périgueux). Noël Coye is also a member of the Archaeological Research on Cultures, Space and Societies Laboratory (TRACES; UMR 5608; University of Toulouse II, Ministry of Culture, INRAP, CNRS and EHESS), where he is co-Director of the research theme “History and epistemology of archaeology”, which addresses the ideas, practices and institutions of the field of archaeology. He is the author of around forty articles and several books in his name (La Préhistoire en Parole et en Acte, Paris: L’Harmattan, 1997) or under his direction (Sur les Chemins de la Préhistoire, Paris: Somogy Éditions d’art, 2006).
27Antoine Danchin
28A mathematician at the École Normale Supérieure (Paris, France), Antoine Danchin is now a specialist of bacterial genomes. With Maurice Guéron, he created the biology teaching program at the École Polytechnique (1972-1976). He was a Directeur de Recherche for the CNRS and Professor at the Institut Pasteur of Paris. At this Institute, he directed two research units, two departments (Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Genomes and Genetics), and presided the scientific committee. In Hong Kong, he created and directed the HKU-Pasteur Research Center (2000-2003) with the goal of developing bacterial genome studies in southern China. He founded this field in France and contributed to the development of its bioinformatic aspects. He was also one of the coordinators of the Centre Royaumont Pour Une Science De L’Homme (1973-1976). This activity gave rise to several programs of an anthropological or philosophical nature, in particular in association with the Transcultura International Institute (Paris, France) and the Department of Mathematics at the University of Hong Kong. Antoine Danchin is an Honorary Professor at the Faculty of Medicine of this university and a Scientific Advisor to the Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (France). His work is published in around five hundred articles and five books. He is a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization and the International Advisory Committee of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration. He is the current Director of AMAbiotics (Évry, France), a biotechnology company dedicated to metabolic bioremediation.
29José Delgado Rodrigues
30The geologist, José Delgado Rodrigues, is a graduate of the University of Coïmbra (Portugal) and holds the title of Especialista in Engineering Geology from the Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) of Lisbon. He was a Researcher- Coordinator for the LNEC, President of its scientific committee and Director of its Geotechnics Department from 2003 to 2006. He was also President of the Sociedade Portuguesa de Geotecnia (1989-1993), Secretary-General of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (Portugal, 1991-2003) and Invited Professor at the Universidade Nova of Lisbon (2000-2006). He participated in numerous European projects in the domain of cultural heritage conservation, directed several Master and Doctoral theses and has given many conferences around the world. He has also taught specialized courses on the theme of conservation at the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM), and elsewhere. José Delgado Rodrigues is a member of the editorial committee of the journals Geotecnia, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, Soils and Rocks, Materiales de Construcción, Journal of Cultural Heritage and the Journal of Architectural Conservation. He is author or co-author of nearly seventy LNEC Internal Reports and four hundred papers in colloquia/symposium proceedings and articles in international journals.
31Alain Denis
32Alain Denis is a University Professor and head of the “Reconnaissance, Materials and Heritage” team of the Geosciences-Hydrosciences-Materials-Construction Laboratory of Bordeaux 1 University (Talence, France). After obtaining his doctorate in Engineering Geology in 1990, he joined the Bureau de Recherche Géologiques et Minières (BRGM; Orléans, France) as an engineer in charge of studies of the stability of cliff faces and underground cavities. Since 1993, he has continued his career as a Teacher-Researcher at Bordeaux 1 University. Starting in 1998, in collaboration with Jean Vouvé, Roland Lastennet and Philippe Malaurent, he has participated in research on the conservation of Lascaux Cave. His research fields, oriented toward the environment of rock art sites, concern the study of gas and dissolved material transfers in the non saturated zone of limestone massifs (sites of Lascaux and Cussac). As a result of his training in geology and geophysics, he is also interested in the stability of stone massifs and the quantification, by georadar, of the state of alteration of decorated walls. In this domain, he maintains collaborates on projects in South Africa (rock art sites of Drakensberg – Game Pass Shelter) and Brazil (rock art sites of northeast Brazil). Alain Denis is author or co-author of more than one hundred articles presented at congresses and symposiums or published in national and international journals.
33Alexandre François
34Alexandre François is a biochemist, having obtained a degree (brevet de technicien supérieur) in this field in 1997). Since late 2001, he has been a Technicien de Recherche in the Microbiology Department of the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques of the Ministry of Culture and Communication (Champs-sur-Marne, France), where he works as a generalized microbiologist on the fungi, algae, bacteria and lichens that modify the surfaces that compose historic monuments (stone, glass, wood, metal, etc.) and colonize the art works of National Museums (books, paintings on canvas, textiles, etc.). He previously (1999-2001) worked as a research and development technician in two private laboratories in northern France: Gist-Brocades, in Seclin, in the framework of a research program on the improvement of active enzyme sites for the agri-food sector, and the Anios Laboratory, in Lilles- Hellesmes, where he studied bacterial biofilm in order to improve the disinfection of hospital instruments (endoscopes, surgery material, pump pipes receiving biological liquids, etc.). He is co-author of several scientific review articles on the biological activity in Lascaux Cave.
35Christophe Gauchon
36Christophe Gauchon has a Doctorate and a university degree (agrégation) in Geography and is a Maître de Conférences at the University of Savoie (Chambéry, France). He is head of the Mountain Territories team of the Mountain Environments, Dynamics and Territories Laboratory (UMR 5204: CNRS and Université de Savoie; Le Bourget-du-Lac, France). Since completing his thesis on the frequency of visits and the touristic development of French caves in 1997, he continued his work on tourism and subterranean sites: caves, swallowholes and karstic environments, the role of speleologists in this domain, etc. He then broadened his field of analysis to the development of tourist activities, the processes of patrimonialization and the requirements for protection in mountain environments (France, Slovenia, Lebanon). He is a representative of the CNRS on the National Council for the Protection of Nature and a member of the National Council for Subterranean Heritage (French Ministry of Ecology). He participated in the work conducted since 2000 on site of Orgnac (Ardèche) and contributed to the study leading to the classification of the Choranche caves (Vercors). He is the Deputy- Director of the review Karstologia, which is dedicated to the study of karstic environments. He also represents the Fédération Française de Spéléologie at the sixth division of the National Committee of Historic Monuments (“Decorated Caves”) of the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. He contributed to the book Grottes et Karsts en France, under the direction of Phillipe Audra (Mémoires de la revue Karstologia, n° 19, 2010).
37Marc Gauthier
38Marc Gauthier is a Conservateur Général duPatrimoine at the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. He directed the Historic Antiquities Service of the Region of Aquitaine and then the Historic and Prehistoric Antiquities Service of Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, before heading the General Inspection of Archaeology from 1986 to 1999. He was President of the Conference of Directors of Antiquity, a member of the High Council for Archaeological Research and the High Commission of Historic Monuments, the National Committee for Scientific Research and the Committee of Archaeology (1984-1994). He participated on the restricted committee Archaeology and Development of the Council of Europe until the signature of the Malta Convention (1985-1992) and was designated as an expert on patrimonial issues for the European Commission (2000-2003). From 2002 to 2009, he was President of the international Lascaux Cave Scientific Committee. Marc Gauthier is the author of more than sixty publications, most concerning the archaeology of late Antiquity and the early Middle-Ages, the relationships between archaeology and regional development, conservation issues and the valorization of archaeological sites. He also headed three reform projects addressing the legal framework of archaeology in France, resulting in an interregional decentralization and the scientific evaluation of archaeological research programs.
39Jean-Michel Geneste
40Jean-Michel Geneste studied Prehistory and Quaternary Geology at Bordeaux 1 University (Talence, France) under the direction of François Bordes. He is currently a Conservateur Général du Patrimoine for the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. He is also certified to direct doctoral research in Prehistory at Bordeaux 1 University and the University of Paris-West–Nanterre–La Défense (ex Paris X). From 1979 to 1992, he focused his work on technological and economic studies of the material culture of Paleolithic huntergatherers. In this domain, he directed and published research on French and European sites, and taught at the University of Paris X. In 1992, after being named Curator of Lascaux Cave, he reoriented his work to concentrate on the management and archaeological study of decorated caves. Around ten years ago, he succeeded Jean Clottes as the Director of research at Chauvet Cave. He is the coordinator of an international research group, GDRI-Star, which focuses on the development of sciences and techniques applied to the study and conservation of rock art, and he is Director of the Centre National de la Préhistoire in Périgueux (French Ministry of Culture and Communication). He has organized several round tables and colloquia on the study and conservation of rock art and largely contributed to the conception and organization of the symposium whose proceedings are the subject of this publication.
41Thierry Heulin
42Thierry Heulin is a Directeur de recherches for the CNRS and is Director of the Institut de Biologie Environmentale et Biotechnologie of the Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique (CEA), Center at Cadarache (Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, France). Since 2007, he has been Director of the UMR 6191(CEA, CNRS and University of Aix-Marseille). He is an agronomist-engineer trained at the École Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires (ENSAIA) in Nancy. He is also a Docteur-Ingénieur (ENSAIA – University of Nancy) certified to direct doctoral research (HDR) since 1991 at the Universities of Nancy and Aix-Marseille. He is a soil bacteriologist and microbial ecologist. Since 1980, his main field of research has been the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere, including the domains of taxonomy and phylogeny (identification and description of new species), physiology (fixation of nitrogen and production of exopolysaccharides) and molecular biology. More recently, he has studied the adaptation of bacteria to desert environments and the very different strategies of Deinococcus (repair of DNA) and Ramlibacter (original cellular cycle) in response to dessication. Thierry Heulin is the author of more than eighty articles in international journals since 1982. Since 2010, he has been a member of the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council.
43Takeshi Ishizaki
44Takeshi Ishizaki is the Director of the Center for Conservation Science and Restoration Techniques of the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties [Bunkazai Kenkyū-jo] (Tokyo) and Adjunct Professor at the Graduate School of Fine Arts of the Tokyo University of the Arts [Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku]. He graduated from the Department of Geophysics and obtained a Doctorate in Science from Hokkaido University. He was an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Low Temperature Science of the Hokkaido University, where he studied the mechanism of frost damage on stone cultural heritages. Since he moved to the present institute, he has been studying the moisture regime in historical buildings and sites with simulation techniques to develop their protective measures, as well as the environmental condition around historical buildings and sites. He studied the moisture regime in the historical brick building in Ayutthaya to clarify the cause of the salt damage on the historical brick monument in Sukhothai, Thailand. He is now conducting research related to the conservation of the historical site in Thang Long, Vietnam. He also studies museum environments and preventive conservation. Recently, he has been conducting research on the environmental condition of Takamatsuzuka and Kitora tumuli (Japan) to clarify the causes of biological activities within them. Among other topics, he carries out preventive conservation studies for museums.
45Rika Kigawa
46Rika Kigawa received a Ph.D. in biochemistry and biophysics from the University of Tokyo in 1993. In 1993, she started working in the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties [Bunkazai Kenkyū-jo] (Tokyo), in the field of biodeterioration and its countermeasures. Since 2007, she has been a head of biological science at the Center for Conservation Science and Restoration Techniques of the institute. She has also been an Associate Professor at the Tokyo University of the Arts [Tokyo Geijutsu Daigaku] since 2005. She worked on non-chemical treatments for eradicating insect pests, for example, and published a chapter in Integrated Pest Management for Collections: Proceedings of 2001: a Pest Odyssey (London: James & James, 2001). She also wrote and edited the Cyclopedia of Museum Insects (in Japanese; Tokyo, Kubapro ed., 2001 and 2004, 2nd edition) for restorers and conservators to facilitate their easy identification and an understanding of the characteristics of Japanese museum insects. She has also been working on appraising pest control treatments in terms of their efficacy and adverse effects on materials. In recent years, she has participated in research on the Takamatsuzuka and Kitora tumuli in Japan from a biological perspective, and the results will be printed by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs.
47Robert J. Koestler
48Director of the Smithsonian’s Museum Conservation Institute since 2004, Robert J. Koestler earned a doctorate degree in Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy from the City University (New York, USA) in 1985. His more than thirty years of museum experience include nearly twenty-four years at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art and eight years at the American Museum of Natural History. He is known for his advances in art conservation research and practice, including quantification and early detection of biodeterioration; assessment of visual changes in material surfaces; and control of insect and fungal infestations in objects. He developed a method for eradicating these damaging organism infestations without harming the artwork or exposing conservators to dangerous chemicals. He helped conservators evaluate works of art at the microscopic level; and he managed a scanning electron microscope facility specializing in the study of biological specimens. He also has consulted on many projects worldwide for foundations, museums, collections and government conservation institutes. Robert J. Koestler has served as an Adjunct Professor for New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts Conservation Center. He has been editor of the Elsevier journal International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation since 1994 and editor-in-chief since 2006. He is also a member of the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council created in 2010.
49Delphine Lacanette
50Since 2001, Delphine Lacanette has been a physics and chemistry engineer at the École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie et de Physique de Bordeaux (France). She has a Doctorate in the Digital Simulation of Fluid Mechanics from Bordeaux 1 University (2004). Ms. Lacanette has oriented her research on a theme different from those usually addressed in the field of mechanics: the conservation of heritage. She is an Ingénieur de Recherche at the Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, and conducts her research in the Transfers-Flows-Fluids- Energetic Laboratory of Bordeaux 1 University. She is a member of the Digital Fluid Mechanics team, which is working on a digital simulation code for fluid mechanics in order to understand and predict flows in natural and industrial environments. Since January 2005, for the French Ministry of Culture and Communication, she has assumed the task of applying this modeling to better understand the thermoaeraulic phenomena in Lascaux Cave. In this capacity, she is responsible for the development and maintenance of the Lascaux Simulator. Delphine Lacanette is the author of fifteen articles, most published in international journals and addressing the fields of fluid mechanics, digital simulation and thermics.
51Carmen de las Heras
52Carmen de las Heras studied at the University of Cantabria in Spain, where she specialized in prehistory and archaeology. She is a Conservadora for the State Museums of Spain and directs the Research and Heritage Department of the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira (Spanish Ministry of Culture). From 1997 to 2001, she worked with the team devoted to the conception of the museography of the new Museum of Altamira, its permanent exhibit and the identical reproduction of the cave (Neocueva). Since 2005, she has been responsible for monitoring the state of preservation of Altamira Cave and for the coordination of research projects conducted by the museum in the domains of prehistoric archaeology and Paleolithic rock art, and more particularly, the conservation of the latter in Altamira and other caves in the region. She has coordinated several exhibits on Prehistory and on Altamira Cave and has written numerous publications in her fields of research. She is a member of the scientific committee of the Pôle International de la Préhistoire (France).
53José Antonio Lasheras
54José Antonio Lasheras is an archaeologist and Conservador of the State Museums of Spain. He has been Director of the National Museum and Research Center of Altamira (Spanish Ministry of Culture) since 1991. He is the author of the museographic project of Altamira, inaugurated in 2001, including its permanent exhibit and the identical reproduction of the cave (Neocueva). He is the Director of archaeological research on Altamira Cave, as well as on other caves in the region. He is also director of the project of cultural and scientific collaboration on the rock art of Paraguay, financed by the Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). His most recent publications, scientific and for the general public, are on Altamira Cave, Upper Paleolithic, rock art and museographic topics. He heads the Committee of Caves with Cultural Heritage of the Asociación de Cuevas Turísticas Españolas. He is a member of the National Committee of Historic Monuments and the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council, both under the tutelage of the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. Finally, he is a member of the monitoring team of the National Museum of Altamira and the Committee of Experts for the Conservation of the Rock Art in Altamira Cave.
55Roland Lastennet
56Roland Lastennet has a Doctorate in Hydrogeology and is a Maître de Conférences in the Geosciences-Hydrosciences-Materials-Constructions Laboratory of Bordeaux 1 University. His university education led him from Chambéry to Avignon, where he realized his doctoral thesis, under the direction of Jacques Mudry and Bernard Blavoux, with the goal of understanding the hydrogeological functioning of the vadose zone of karst. In 1995, he was affiliated with the laboratory in Bordeaux, with its impressive history in the field of conservation, initially directed by Henri Schoeller. Along with Jean Vouvé and Philippe Malaurent, he became a specialist in this field, contributing his experience in karst environments and methodological tools, including the geochemistry of carbonates and the natural isotopic tracing of water. Since 2003, he has focused his work on the study of epikarsts and the environments of the major caves in the Périgord region, including Lascaux, Font de Gaume, Les Combarelles, and most recently, Cussac. Roland Lastennet is the author of numerous publications in peer reviewed journals. He is a member of several expert groups in southwestern France, including the Local Commission of the water of SAGE Deep Tables of the department of Gironde. He heads several projects, including on “the Geosciences applied to the conservation of decorated sites in Aquitaine”, involving a collaboration between the Regional Direction of Cultural Affairs of the Aquitaine and a FEDER project on the “Preservation of Cussac Cave”.
57Benjamin Lopez
58Benjamin Lopez received his Doctorate in Sciences and Environments from Bordeaux 1 University in 2009. Since 2008, he was has worked with the Bureau de Recherche Géologique et Minière (BRGM; Orléans, France) as a hydrogeological-hydrogeochemistry engineer. In the Water Service, he participates in research and public service projects in the domain of diffuse pollutant transfers into underground waters, focusing on phytopharmaceutical products and their metabolites. His doctoral research, conducted from 2005 to 2008 under the direction of Roland Lastannet, Alain Denis, and in collaboration with Philippe Malaurent, concerned the environment of Lascaux Cave, and more particularly, the modalities of the infiltration and transfer of fluids (water and gas) in the epikarst. This thesis, realized in the context of a collaboration between the Regional Direction of Cultural Affairs (Ministry of Culture and Communication) and Bordeaux 1 University, through the intermediary of the Geosciences-Hydrosciences-Materials-Constructions Laboratory, led to the development of an innovative methodology for the study and conservation of decorated caves. Based on the application of geosciences and geochemistry tools, this methodology is currently applied and adapted to the study of other decorated caves, such as the recently discovered Cussac Cave (France).
59Jannie Loubser
60Having received a Doctorate in Archaeology from the University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa), Jannie Loubser also obtained a post‑graduate degree in rock art conservation from the Getty Conservation Institute at the University of Canberra (Australia). In 1987 he started and headed the Department of Rock Art at the National Museum in Bloemfontein (South Africa). At the end of 1993 he emigrated to the United States of America in Atlanta where he conducts Cultural Resource Management work and started his own company, Stratum Unlimited. He is an Honorary Research Associate at the Rock Art Research Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) and a Distinguished Visitor of the Sucre University in Bolivia. He founded the Trans Gariep Branch of the South African Archaeological Society in 1988 and is currently co-chair of Society for American Archaeology Rock Art Interest Group and former committee member of Society for American Archaeology Excellence in Analysis Award. Working primarily as a archaeologist and rock art specialist consultant, Loubser has completed rock art recording and conservation management contracts in Baja California, Bolivia, Canada, Hawaii, Jamaica, Australia, Puerto Rico, South Africa, Tanzania, and in various states of the United States. Among Loubser’s publications are Archaeology: the Comic (AltaMira Press, 2003) and Management Planning for Conservation (a chapter in an edited volume for AltaMira Press, 2001).
61Philippe Malaurent
62Philippe Malaurent is a hydrogeologist and engineer in the field of study methods in natural and rural systems for the Geosciences-Hydrosciences-Materials- Constructions Laboratory of Bordeaux 1 University (Talence, France). He specializes in the telemetry of difficult environments and microenvironments and has intervened since 1972 in the domain of underground heritage conservation and the hydrodynamics of fissured environments. He synthesizes and interprets the data collected at multiple sites. The data obtained relate to the temperature of the stone, the temperature of the air, its relative and absolute humidity, its CO2 rate and content, etc., all of which contribute to the conservation of the monuments studied and constitute a source of data for numerous publications. He creates maps, sensors and measure stations specifically adapted to the difficulties encountered. He has participated in numerous round tables and scientific meetings. His internationally recognized qualifications have enabled him to participate in projects around the world to renovate cavities in order to ensure their conservation and to propose solutions (for example, he contributed to the study of the environmental behavior of the cave of Escoural in Portugal), as well as to conduct foreign missions mainly in the domain of conservation (Kapova Cave in Russia, Baja California, Brazil, etc.).
63Jean-Didier Mertz
64Jean-Didier Mertz received his Doctorate from the University of Strasbourg 1 (France) in 1989, specializing in geology-petrophysics. Since 1998, he has been an Ingénieur de Recherche with the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (Champs-sur-Marne, France). He previously headed the Stone Materials Department of the Centre Régional d’Innovation et de Transfert de Technologie-Matériaux, and was then a Maître d’Enseignement et de Recherche for the Institut Technique du Bâtiment of the École Polytechnique Fédérale of Lausanne (Switzerland), and finally, Director of the Laboratoire Confédéral de l’Expert Center pour la Conservation du Patrimoine Bâti (Lausanne, 1997-1998). A specialist in the modification and conservation of the porous materials of constructed architectural heritage, he has conducted research on the effects of dilation mechanisms in a context of the compatibility and durability materials, and teaches courses in numerous upper level teaching facilities in Paris (France). He is a participant in the National Research Program on Cultural Heritage (2005), the European program, Medistone (2006-2009) and currently, the regional project “Monitoring of modifications, characterization and restoration of stone monuments in limestone”. He was a member of the technical committee of the European Community for the Standardization of Conservation Methods for Cultural Properties, and collaborated in the realization of the publication Pierre et Patrimoine (Arles: Actes Sud; Paris: Cefracor, 2009). He is the author of around forty scientific articles and texts for the general public.
65Yann-Pierre Montelle
66Yann-Pierre Montelle has been involved with rock art research, with a specialization in the human use of deep caves, for the last twenty years. After completing his Doctorate at Brown University (Providence, RI, USA) on the institutionalization of liminal behavior using archaeological evidence from the Upper Palaeolithic, he moved to New Zealand where he has been working as a researcher for the Ngai Tahu Maori Rock Art Trust for the past five years. In the context of his work for the local iwi (tribe), he has worked extensively in limestone environments. Over the last four years, he has participated in the “Parietal markings project” led by Robert Bednarik in Australia; in this context, he is investigating the use of forensics techniques to reconstruct human behavior in deep caves based on micro and macro evidence, as well as analyzing the archaeological floors using non-intrusive technologies. He also teaches Human Evolution and the Archaeology of World Prehistory at Canterbury University (New Zealand). In 2010, Yann-Pierre Montelle has joined the third circle of the Chauvet team. He is on the editorial team for Rock Art Research: the Journal of the Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA). In his book Palaeoperformance (London, New York, Calcutta: Seagull Books, 2009) he proposes an alternative paradigm for the human use of caves in the Upper Palaeolithic.
67Philippe Normand
68A biologist, Philippe Normand began his university education at McGill University (Montreal, Canada), before obtaining his Doctorate in Environmental Sciences from Laval University (Quebec, Canada) in 1985. He is currently a Directeur de Recherche with the CNRS at the University of Lyon in the Microbial Ecology Department, which he directed from 1995 to 2003. Since this date, he has also been Director of the IFR41 Bioenvironment and Health, at Lyon (CNRS, Université Claude Bernard – Lyon 1, INRA, INRIA and INSA Lyon). His research focuses on microbial communities in soils, as well as on the ecology, evolution and physiology of symbiotic microorganisms and the role of evolution in the structure of the microbial genome. He works in particular on the pigmented bacteria that participate in the deterioration of the limestone stones of monuments. Philippe Normand is the author of more than 130 articles in international journals on the subject of microbial ecology, microbial physiology and the microbial ecology of soils. He is currently working on several environmental biology projects addressing the microbial physiology of interactions with plants (Agence Nationale de la Recherche: “SESAM”) and the monitoring of microbial communities in complex environments (Agence Nationale de la Recherche: “Vostok on Antarctica”; Agence Nationale de la Recherche - Contaminants Écosystèmes Santé: “Sendefo on pollutants”).
69Alena Nováková
70Having graduated in systematic botany from the Faculty of Sciences of the Charles University (Prague, Czech Republic; 1980), Alena Nováková completed her doctoral thesis in mycology (Prague; 1985) with studies on microscopic soil fungi. She joined the Laboratory of Soil Biology of the Institute of Landscape Ecology of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in 1980, and moved to the Institute of Soil Biology in 1986 and in the Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. (České Budějovice) in 2007. She is head and Curator of the Collection of Microscopic Fungi of the Institute of Soil Biology (CMF ISB), since 1993. Her scientific interest is focused on the taxonomy, biology and ecology of saprotrophic microscopic fungi, micromycetes in soil and litter, interactions of micromycetes and invertebrate animals, feeding preferences, micromycetes in intestine and excrements of soil invertebrates, micromycetes in vermicompost and post-mining soils, microscopic fungi in caves of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Spain and Romania, preservation and enlargement of the Collection of Microscopic Fungi of the ISB. She has published 105 scientific papers and other articles, mainly focused on soil microscopic soil fungi and saprotrophic micromycetes from various cave substrates such as cave air, sediment, bat guano, etc.
71Roberto Ontañón Peredo
72Roberto Ontañón-Peredo began his career as a researcher at the National Centre for Underwater Archaeological Research (Spanish Ministry of Culture; 1988-1991; Cartagena, Spain). He completed a Doctorate in History (Prehistory and Archaeology) at the University of Cantabria in 2000 and carried out post-doctoral studies in Paris (Archaeology and Antiquity Sciences Laboratory (UMR 7041: CNRS, Univ. Paris 1 - Panthéon-Sorbonne and Univ. Paris Ouest - Nanterre-La Défense). Between 2003 and 2005 he held a research fellowship in the “Ramón and Cajal” Program at the University of Cantabria. He is currently head of the Archaeology Division in the Culture, Tourism and Sports Department of the Government of Cantabria (Santander, Spain). He coordinated the candidacy of “Palaeolithic Cave Art in Northern Spain (extension to Altamira)” to the World Heritage List, accepted by UNESCO in July 2008. He is also a member of the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council, the board of trustees of the Altamira National Museum and a constituent of the IUPPS Rock Art Commission. He is the co-Director of the Project for Research of La Garma Archaeological Complex, while his main lines of research are Recent Prehistory and Schematic rock art in Cantabrian Spain; Upper Palaeolithic floors and habitation structures; and the conservation of cave art.
73Luiz Oosterbeek
74Having graduated in history (Lisbon, Portugal; 1982), Luiz Oosterbeek completed his Doctorate in Archaeology (London, 1994; Oporto, 1995) with studies on the origins of food production in the Tagus basin within its Mediterranean context. He became a Lecturer (1986) and later a Professor (1999) at the Instituto Politécnico de Tomar (IPT), where he is responsible for the Master and Doctorate courses in Prehistoric Archaeology and Rock Art (organized jointly with the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro). His main interests are the economic and technological processes related to the origins of farming, including their social and symbolic dimensions, rock art being at the core of these. Besides his ongoing landscape archaeology research in the Tagus basin (a comprehensive approach to human occupation processes in the last 300ky) he also supervised projects on the origins of agriculture and on rock art of the transition into farming in other parts of Europe (including the database project EuroPreArt), Latin-America (Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala) and Angola. He currently is the Secretary-General of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, Vice-President of HERITY International, Director of IPT’s International Relations Bureau, and principal investigator of the “Quaternary and Prehistory group of the Geosciences Centre” (R&D, unit 73 of the Portuguese National Science and Technology System).
75Geneviève Orial
76Geneviève Orial is an Ingénieur de Recherche and head of the Microbiology section of the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques (Champs-sur-Marne, France). Her activities include the coordination of research for the Department of Historic Monuments and the Department of Museums of France, the diagnosis of microbiological modifications on all types of materials, the definition and realization of analytical protocols and the development of treatment and disinfection techniques. With her team (another engineer and a technician), she also ensures the sanitary monitoring of decorated caves in France; in particular, she participated in the management of the problem of fungal contamination recently affecting Lascaux Cave. She develops and coordinates national and European research programs. A few “pioneering” programs have marked her career, such as the development of a method for cleaning stone with laser (including the realization of the first field machine in the world), or treatment by biomineralization, involving the use of bacteria to create a protective calcite coating on stone surfaces. Finally, she teaches her specialty at the Institut National du Patrimoine (Paris) and the University of Paris 1 – Panthéon-Sorbonne. Her research in the field of cultural property conservation has resulted in over eighty publications in the context of colloquia and articles in specialized journals Historienne de l’art,
77Isabelle Pallot-Frossard
78Isabelle Pallot-Frossard is an art historian and Conservateur Général du Patrimoine for the French Ministry of Culture and Communication. From 1980 to 1991, she was an Inspecteur of Historic Monuments for the Picardy, Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine regions. From 1991 to 1992, she headed a national mission for the conservation, restoration and creation of stained-glass in France, which resulted in the publication of technical and deontological regulations for architects, curators and restorers. Since 1992, she has been Director of the Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques and a member of the National Committee of Historic Monuments since 1980. She is also President of the International Committee of the Corpus Vitrearum - Scientific Committee of the International Counsel of Monuments and Sites for the conservation of stained-glass, and a member of the council of the International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property. She teaches in different institutions in France (École du Louvre, École de Chaillot, Institut National du Patrimoine) and abroad (Faculty of Architecture in Damascus, Syria, University of Tripoli in Lebanon, China Central Academy of Fine-Arts in Beijing). She has published over seventy articles on patrimonial conservation issues, including the Reims cathedral, ancient stained-glass and scientific methods applied to the knowledge and conservation of patrimonial materials.
79Yves Perrette
80A karstology specialist, Yves Perrette obtained his Doctorate in Geography from the University of Savoie. He is a researcher for the CNRS Mountain Environments, Dynamics and Territories Laboratory (UMR 5204: CNRS – University of Savoie; Le Bourget-du-Lac, France), where he heads a team studying natural archives and their contribution to our knowledge of paleoenvironments. Since completing his thesis, he has studied the environmental modifications recorded by organic materials trapped in stalagmites. Based on this methodological work and instruments focused on the imagery of spectroflourescence, he has studied the fluxes of organic materials in different karstic mountain and plateau environments from the perspective of both their springs and shafts. The chemical and spectroscopic study of springs enabled him to distinguish the organic materials originating from soils, directly from the vegetation or atmospheric depositions. The study of the diversity and spatial distribution of endokarstic forms and formations enabled him to show different shafts of organic materials within the karst. Based on the monitoring of natural sites and an interdisciplinary approach to the environment (associating karstology, chemistry and pedology), his research has led him to participate on various scientific committees, among them the Lascaux Cave Scientific Council created in 2010.
81Michaël Petzet
82Prof. Dr. Michaël Petzet, President of the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS International) from 1999 to 2008, is also ICOMOS Honorary President and President of the German National Committee of ICOMOS. He studied history of art and archaeology in Munich (Germany) and Paris (France) and completed his studies with a Doctorate on the Pantheon in Paris. After many years with the Bavarian State Conservation Office and the Bavarian Administration of Historic Palaces, he became Vice-Director of the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte in Munich and organised the exhibition of the Bavarian State and the City of Munich on the occasion of the 1972 Olympic Summer Games. From 1972 to 1974 he was Director of the Lenbachhaus, the art museum of the City of Munich. For twenty-five years (1974-1999), in his position as Generalkonservator, Professor Petzet directed the Bavarian State Conservation Office, the central authority for the protection and conservation of monuments and sites in Bavaria. He is editor of several series of publications on conservation (Heritage at Risk, Monuments and Sites) and author of numerous articles and books on architecture from the 17th to the 19th centuries (Claude Perrault und die Architektur des Sonnenkönigs, Munich, Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2000), on monuments and sites in Bavaria, and on general problems of monument conservation.
83Joëlle Riss
84An engineer with the École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie of Nancy and the École Nationale Supérieure des Pétroles et des Moteurs, Joëlle Riss is currently a university professor in Bordeaux (France). In 1988, she defended her Higher Doctorate thesis on the stereology of forms in Orléans; in it she clearly expresses the foundations of her research activities: observation, description, quantitative description, modeling and simulation. During her career, she developed the analysis of images for the analysis and modeling of the textures and structures applied to the earth sciences and engineering, as well as to the field of civil engineering. Since 2003, she has directed the Centre de Développement des Sciences de la Terre, which in 2007 became 2007 the Géosciences-Hydrosciences-Matérials-Construction Laboratory of Bordeaux 1 University. In this function, she has participated in the activities of the Lascaux Cave Scientific Committee, while supervising the work of the members of her laboratory concerning the climatological and hydrogeological monitoring of the cave. Due to her constant motivation to combine observation and modeling, she has been a member of several scientific groups, including: the International Society for Stereology, the International Society for Rock Mechanics and its French Division (CFMR), the Société Géologique de France and the Association pour la Réserve Naturelle Géologique de Saucats-La Brède (France).
85Sergio Sainz de la Maza
86A geographer and city planner, Sergio Sainz de la Maza Ruiz graduated from the University of Cantabria (Santander, Spain). He began his professional career in the Department of Geographie, City Planning and Territorial Development at this same university, where he participated in two research and European development projects: “Policies for Sustaining Environments and Livelihoods in Mountain Areas”, conducted in the framework of the European program Inco-DC, and the Workshop “International Bahía of Santander’99 for territorial Innovation and development”. In 2002, he cofounded the consulting group Ingenia Gestión del Territorio, which intervenes mostly in the fields of city planning and territorial and environmental development. In this group, he created the Techniques for the Protection and Management of Territorial Heritage Department (landscape, archaeology and architecture) and is particularly interested in the demarcation of protection zones for decorated caves and the development of heritage protection and conservation measures, in association with GIS technologies. He is the author of publications on his professional activities and research orientations. From 2005 to 2009, he held the position of Vice-President of the Order of Professional Geographers of Cantabria.
87Cesáreo Sáiz-Jiménez
88Cesáreo Sáiz-Jiménez received a Doctorate in Biology at the Complutense University (Madrid, Spain; 1975), and a Doctorate in Chemical Engineering at the Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands; 1988). He is a Profesor de Investigación at the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC). His activity was initially devoted to soil biochemistry and microbiology, and organic geochemistry with various research projects on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Over the last thirty years, in association with the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, he has investigated several aspects of environmental pollution. In particular, many of his publications have concerned the role of microorganisms in the deterioration of stones and artificial building materials (paper, glass, resins, etc.). He has written more than three hundred papers in international journals, congresses and workshops. He edited a volume on The Deterioration of Monuments, published by Elsevier (Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York) as special issue of the journal The Science of the Total Environment (vol. 167, 1995), and the books Molecular Biology and Cultural Heritage and Air pollution and Cultural Heritage published by Taylor & Francis (England; 2003 and 2004). In recent years, he has been involved in the microbiological study of caves (Altamira, Lascaux), Etruscan necropolises and Roman catacombs and tombs.
89Sergio Sánchez-Moral
90Sergio Sánchez-Moral has a Doctorate in Earth Sciences. He is a researcher in the Department of Geology of the National Museum of Natural Sciences / CSIC (Madrid, Spain). He specializes in the integrated study of subterranean environments and the demarcation of zones of protection, taking into account their microclimatic, geological, geochemical and geomicrobiological aspects. His work is mainly devoted to the conservation of cultural heritage, and in particular the prehistoric artistic representations and their stone supports inside decorated caves and rock shelters. The team he directs has participated in the study of a few of the most remarkable rock art sites on the Iberian Peninsula (Altamira, Tito Bustillo, Candamo, Santimamiñe, Arenaza, etc.) and the Canary Islands (in particular, Cueva Pintada or “the Painted Cave”). This team has also worked in the Grotta dei Cervi (Italy) and participated on a European project for the study and conservation of the Saint Callixte and Domitille catacombs in Rome. Sergio Sánchez del Moral is currently studying the conservation conditions of the Djehuty tomb in Luxor (Egypt) and the necropolis of Carmona (Sevilla, Spain). He is coordinator of the “Geology, geochemistry and microclimate applied to the conservation of rock art” section of the Thematic Network of Historic and Cultural Heritage of the CSIC.
91María Isabel Sarró
92After obtaining a postgraduate degree in biological sciences at the University Complutense of Madrid (Spain), María Isabel Sarró earned a Doctorate from the Universidad Polytécnica of Madrid, and her thesis was granted the highest award for a Doctorate. Her research activities have led her to collaborate with several Spanish and international universities and research centers, including the Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España. She has participated in around fifteen research projects and contracts addressing the biodeterioration and bioremediation of art works, and heritage conservation. She also directed a thesis on the conservation of rock art. Since 2007, she has directed as project to monitor the environmental impact on the cave of Los Casares (Riba de Saelices, Guadalajara, Spain). She collaborated with the Culture, Tourism and Sports Council of the Government of Cantabria in the context of different projects for the conservation of rock art. She has written several articles published in specialized journals and presented at Spanish and international colloquia. From 2006 to 2009, she taught microbiology at the University of the Basque Country (Spain).
93Stefan Simon
94A conservation scientist with experience in scientific research and multilateral project coordination, Stefan Simon has worked at various conservation sites, including those in Europe, the Americas, the Middle East and China. He has specialized in material deterioration diagnostics, microanalytics, non-destructive testing, physico-chemical analysis and climatology. His other areas of specialization include the testing and evaluation of conservation products and the control of treatment efficacy and durability in the field of conservation. Founder and director of the private laboratory KDC Konservierung & Denkmalpflege Cons. in Olching (Germany) since 1993, Stefan Simon has taught conservation science at the Technische Universität München since 1998. Since 2009 he has been an honorary professor at the Xi’An Jiao Tong University, Shaanxi Province, China. From 2001 to 2005 he headed the Building Materials section at the Getty Conservation Institute (Los Angeles, USA), before being appointed Director of the Rathgen-Forschungslabor - Staatliche Museen of Berlin in February 2005. He is currently Vice- President of ICCROM Council and President of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee for Stone.
95Pascal Simonet
96Pascal Simonet has a Doctorate in Microbiology and is currently a Directeur de Recherche in the Ampère Laboratory of the École Centrale of Lyon (France) where he directs the Environmental Microbial Genomics team. For fifteen years (from 1990 to 2005), the team Gene Transfer and Adaptation, which he directed within the Microbial Laboratory of the Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, worked to identify the role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of bacteria and their adaptation to new environments. He is one of the European pioneers in the development of the metagenomic approach applied to soil bacteria and contributed to the creation of a biotechnology society, LibraGen, in Toulouse (France) with which he maintains numerous contacts. A member of the High Council of Biotechnologies, Pascal Simonet participates in the process of evaluationg researchers at the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique. He has written more than one hundred articles in scientific journals and is Editor of the journals Research in Microbiology (Paris, France), and Annals of Microbiology (Milan, Italy), and a member of the editorial group of Applied and Environmental Microbiology (Washington, USA) and The ISME Journal (London, Great Britain).
97Benjamin W. Smith
98Benjamin W. Smith is Director of the Rock Art Research Institute and Associate Professor of Archaeology in the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa). He wrote his Doctoral thesis on the rock art of central Africa at Cambridge University (England). Since then he has conducted research into a range of rock art traditions across Africa and is one of the leading authorities on African rock art. His specialization is the rock arts of African herders/farmers and issues of method and theory in rock art studies. Another side to his work has involved the conservation and management of rock art sites. He has been involved in the nomination of a series of UNESCO rock art World Heritage Sites and has project managed a series of rock art tourism projects in South Africa. He runs a Rock Art Studies program at undergraduate and postgraduate levels within the Archaeology Division of the University of the Witwatersrand. This includes a specialized Masters program in rock art interpretation and rock art management. He has supervised more than twenty-five rock art masters and doctoral projects, making the University of the Witwatersrand the leading postgraduate training provider in the field of Rock Art Studies. He has published more than forty academic papers and books. He is the Research Editor of the South African Archaeological Bulletin and sits on the Council of the PanAfrican Archaeological Association for Prehistory and Related Studies.
99Thomas Warscheid
100After earning a Doctorate in Geomicrobiology from the University of Oldenburg (Germany), Thomas Warscheid was first an Assistant Professor of Microbial Ecology at the Institut für Chemie und Biologie des Meeres of Oldenburg, and then Director of the Microbiology Department of the Amtliche Materialprüfungsanstalt of Bremen (1995-2002). Since 2003, he has directed his own laboratory at Wiefelstede, LBW-Bioconsult, specialized in consulting for the protection, conservation and hygiene of cultural property. He is a member of Vaam (German Society for General and Applied Microbiology), the International Conference on Indoor Fungi (ICIF), the International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation Society, de l’International Biodeterioration Research Group, de DECHEMA (German Society of Chemistry and Biotechnology) and the International Council of Monuments and Sites. He teaches at the Technische Universität of Munich and is a member of the editorial committee of the journal International biodeterioration and biodegradation. His research and consulting activities currently concern molds in buildings, the conservation of archival materials and the infestation of facades by algae (Germany), the biodeterioration of the stone and paintings of prehistoric murals (Cambodia, Bulgaria, Brazil, Turkey, Georgia), the biodeterioration of ancient glass (France), the development of stone conservation methods and the evaluation of biocide treatments.
101Randall White
102Randall White obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto (Canada; 1980) and is currently a Professor of Anthropology at New York University (USA). He is a specialist of Paleolithic Art, and in particular, personal ornaments and so-called “Venus” figurines, and has published large French Paleolithic collections conserved in North American Museums. Over the past twenty years, he has also dug deeply into the history of French Prehistory, especially that of the pre-war period (1914-1918). He has worked in the Perigord region for thirty-seven years and is currently the Director of excavations of the Aurignacian site of Abri Castanet in Sergeac (Dordogne, France). He is also a member of the research team of three Aurignacian sites in France: the Grotte des Hyènes at Brassempouy (Landes), the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure (Yonne) and Isturitz Cave, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques. In addition to his activities in France, he has conducted archaeological research in Canada, Algeria, Central Europe and Russia. He is the author of more than one hundred scientific publications. He recently published L’Art Préhistorique dans le Monde (Paris: La Martinière, 2003) and L’Affaire de l’Abri du Poisson: Patrie et Préhistoire (Périgueux: Fanlac, 2006).
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