1 Richard Edelman, Sixth Annual Edelman Trust Barometer: A Global Study of Opinion Leaders, Chicago, Edelman Trust, 2005.
2 François Robinet, Les Médias français à l’épreuve des conflits africains (1994-2015), Paris, INA, 2016, p. 334.
3 Lilie Chouliaraki, The Ironic Spectator: Solidarity in the Age of Post-Humanitarianism, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2012.
4 Bruno Cabanes, The Great War and the Origins of Humanitarianism: 1918-1924, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
5 Valérie Gorin, « La couverture médiatique de la guerre civile du Biafra au regard des enjeux humanitaires dans les médias français, suisses et américains (1967-1970) », Le Temps des médias, no 21, 2013, p. 185.
6 Lisa Smirl, Spaces of Aid: How Cars, Compounds and Hotels Shape Humanitarianism, Londres, Zed Books, 2015.
7 En Grande-Bretagne, par exemple, le nombre de citations des principales ONG internationales dans le Guardian et le Times a légèrement diminué depuis le début des années 2000. Cf. Matthew Hilton, James McKay, Nicholas Crowson et Jean-François Mouhot, An Historical Guide to NGOs in Britain: Charities, Civil Society and the Voluntary Sector since 1945, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p. 50.
8 Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1976, p. 30.
9 Christina Twomey, « Framing atrocity: Photography and humanitarianism », History of Photography, vol. 36, no 3, 2012, p. 255-264 ; Heide Fehrenbach et Davide Rodogno (dir.), Humanitarian Photography: A History, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
10 Davide Rodogno, Against Massacre: Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914: The Emergence of a European Concept and International Practice, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2012, p. 16 ; Davide Rodogno, « Humanitarian interventions in the nineteenth century », in Alex Bellamy et Tim Dunne (dir.), Oxford Handbook on the Responsibility to Protect, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 31.
11 Davide Rodogno, Against Massacre, op. cit., p. 80.
12 François Robinet, Les Médias français à l’épreuve des conflits africains (1994-2015), op. cit., p. 65 et 169.
13 Steven Livingston et Todd Eachus, « Humanitarian crises and US foreign policy: Somalia and the CNN effect reconsidered », Political Communication, vol. 12, no 4, 1995, p. 413-429 ; Steven Livingston et Todd Eachus, « Rwanda : US Policy and television coverage », in Howard Adelman et Astri Suhrke (dir.), The Path of a Genocide. The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire, New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 209-228.
14 Gilles Carbonnier, Humanitarian Economics: War, Disaster and the Global Aid Market, Londres, Hurst, 2015, p. 53.
15 Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd, « Reporting Sources », ACLED Working Paper, no 5, 2015. En ligne : <www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ACLED_Reporting-Sources-Working-Paper-No.-5_2015.pdf>.
16 Adam Branch, Displacing Human Rights: War and Intervention in Northern Uganda, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 134-137.
17 Annick Cojean, « Viols en RDC : la croisade du Dr. Mukwege », Le Monde, 28/11/2012. Voir aussi la bibliographie de la journaliste Colette Braeckman, L’homme qui répare les femmes. Violences sexuelles au Congo : le combat du docteur Mukwege, Bruxelles, André Versailles, 2012.
18 Pour un exemple du genre, voir Carola Weil, « The protection-neutrality dilemma in humanitarian emergencies: Why the need for military intervention? », International Migration Review, vol. 35, no 1, 2001, p. 79–116.
19 Michael Aaronson, « Legitimacy », in Roger Mac Ginty et Jenny Peterson (dir.), The Routledge Companion to Humanitarian Action, New York, Routledge, 2015, p.127.
20 Renée Fox, Doctors without Borders: Humanitarian Quests, Impossible Dreams of Médecins sans frontières, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014, p. 8.
21 Patrick Brugger, « ICRC operational security: staff safety in armed conflict and internal violence », International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 91, no 874, 2009, p. 431-432.
22 Tony Farmar, Believing in Action. Concern : the First Thirty Years, 1968-1998, Dublin, Concern, 2002, p. 172.
23 Arnaud Dandoy et Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos, « Humanitarian workers in peril? Deconstructing the myth of the new and growing threat to humanitarian workers », Global Crime, vol. 14, no 4, 2013, p. 341-358.
24 Chaim Kaufmann et Robert Pape, « Explaining costly international moral action: Britain’s sixty-year campaign against the atlantic slave trade », International Organization, vol. 53, no 4, 1999, p. 635.
25 R. B. MacPherson, Under the Red Crescent: Ambulance Adventures in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, Londres, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1885, p. xv.
26 Tammy Proctor, Civilians in a World at War (1914-1918), New York, New York University Press, 2010, p. 160.
27 Ralph Schram, A History of the Nigerian Health Services, Ibadan, Ibadan University Press, 1971, p. 92-94
.
28 Michael Jennings, « “Healing of bodies, salvation of souls”: Missionary medicine in colonial Tanganyika, 1870s–1939 », Journal of Religion in Africa, vol. 38, no 1, 2008, p. 42.
29 On trouvera plus de détails en consultant les notices du CICR et de la YMCA sur le site de l’Observatoire de l’action humanitaire. En ligne : <www.observatoire-humanitaire.org/fr>.
30 Frederick Harris et al. (dir.), Service with Fighting Men: An Account of the Work of the American Young Men’s Christian Associations in the World War, New York, Association Press, 1922, deux volumes.
31 Rana Mitter, « Imperialism, transnationalism, and the reconstruction of post-war China: UNRRA in China, 1944–1947 », Past and Present, vol. 218, supplément 8, 2013, p. 51-69.
32 Michaël Neuman et Fabrice Weissman (dir.), Secourir sans périr. La sécurité humanitaire à l’heure de la gestion des risques, Paris, CNRS Éditions, 2016, p. 118.
33 Andrew Mack et al., Human Security Report 2005, Vancouver, University of British Columbia, Human Security Centre, 2005 ; Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes, New York, Viking, 2011.
34 Lewis Fry Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels, Pittsburgh, Boxwood Press, 1960.
35 Allan Reed Millett et Peter Maslowski, For the Common Defense: A Military History of the United States of America from the Revolutionary War through Today, New York, Free Press, 2012, p. 238.
36 Håvard Hegre et al. , « Predicting armed conflict, 2010-2050 », International Studies Quarterly, vol. 57, no 2, 2013, p. 250-270.